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Developmental I:Pregnancy and Infancy > Unit 4: First two years of life(Part 1) > Flashcards

Unit 4: First two years of life(Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Define sensation

A

Detecting elementary properties of a stimulus, eg light stimulating receptors in the eyes

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2
Q

Define perception and cognition

A

1) brain processes sensation
2) adds stored info leading to cognition

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3
Q

When does hearing typically develop in humans?

A

Final trimester of prenatal development

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4
Q

how is hearing at birth

A

Reasonable acute

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5
Q

What is the newborn hearing test called?

A

automated otoacoustic emission (AOAE) test

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6
Q

How is the AOAE audition test conducted

A

place small soft-tipped earpiece in babies ear, then play gentle clicking sounds

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7
Q

At what age do infants typically begin to attend to voices and develop expectations of speech?

A

around 4 months of age

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8
Q

What do infants become accustomed to in terms of their native language?

A

stressed syllables, sounds combinations, other linguistic features

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9
Q

why can the audition test not have clear responses?

A

1)baby unsettled during test
2)background noise was there
3)baby has fluid/temporary blockage

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10
Q

what is the initial vision of baby at birth

A

20/600

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11
Q

normal adult vision

A

20/20

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12
Q

how may eyes initially appear since they’re used independently?

A

Cross-eyed(binocular vision cannot develop in uterus cuz nothing far away enough)

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13
Q

How is vision in infants between 2-9 months?

A

2 months- stare at faces and smile in response to them
3 months- focus on eyes and mouth, smile more to smiling faces than angry
2-4 months- binocular vision develops-> depth perception
By 6 months- visual acuity 20/60
9 months- 20/20 adult vision

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14
Q

what is depth perception

A

ability to judge distance of objects from another and from ourselves

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15
Q

why is depth perception important ?

A

helps us understand the layout of the environment and for guiding motor activity

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16
Q

who came up with the visual cliff?

A

Gibson and Walk(1960)

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17
Q

What is the Visual cliff?

A

checkerboard pattern on floor with a “shallow” and “deep” side, babies crossed the shallow side but avoided the deep side therefore can distinguish

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18
Q

Visual cliff also use in social referencing studies what are they?

A

infants use emotional cues from adults to regulate behaviour and decide how to act , must identify emotions on others

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19
Q

what are the limitations of visual cliff

A
  • only be done with babies that already crawl
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20
Q

what about posterior studies?

A
  • involve reaching and defensive behaviours with younger children
  • 2 week olds already start engaging
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21
Q

What is the preference technique

A

1) present two stimuli at same time
2) measure length of time for each stimuli
longer time= bigger preference

22
Q

newborn prefer randomly organised images than defined patterns
True or False

A

False, prefer defined pattern

23
Q

what does object constancy include

A

size constancy and shape constancy

24
Q

what is the externality effect

A
  • young infants primarly pay attention to the outside of the figure
  • little time towards internal features
25
Q

when does the externality effect diminish

A

after age of 1 month

26
Q

describe the stages of the perception of the human face of an baby

A

Newborn- none
over 2 months- internal features (focus eyes)
3 months- moms face discriminated
4 months- internal features(focus eyes, nose mouth)
5 months- generalized facial scheme diversifies
5-6 months- recognize facial expressions and react to them

27
Q

Are newborns sensory or motor abilities stronger at first?

A

sensory abilities

28
Q

How does motor control typically develop in infants shortly after birth?

A
  • cephalo-caudal(head to toe)
  • proximo-distal(center of the body outwards)
  • new skills built on previous developed skills
29
Q

what is necessary for executing voluntary movements?

A

Coordination- between brain areas that communicate with skeletal muscles via spinal cord(takes time to develop)
VM= inborn reflexes+ environment interaction+ repeated practice

30
Q

what does motor control depend on

A

innate movements(reflexes) and stimulation from environment

31
Q

what is gross-motor movement

A
  • large movements involving many parts of the body Eg walking, jumping
  • infants first control body in cephalo… then proximo.. direction
32
Q

Stages of motor development of the head

A

Birth- head can be moved.
1-4 months- babies lift their head when prone on stomach(tummy time)
4 months- almost all can sustain their head when sitted

33
Q

stages of motor development of the hands

A

newborn- palmar grasping reflex
3-4 months- can grab moderate sized objects
7-11 months- coordination for small objects
15 months- build tower of blocks

34
Q

Locomotion

A

3 months- turn around
sitting- supported 1-4m, unsupported 5-9m
5 months- drag themselves
5-11 months- lift to crawl/standing position
7 months- stand w/support 11-12 months /without
10-17 months- stand and walk alone
18-30 months- run, jump

35
Q

what is fine motor development?

A
  • small body movements
  • increased control over hands and fingers
  • pre-reaching: present from birth(poor coordination of swiping at objects)
    -4-6 months more accurate
36
Q

what is ulmar and pincer grip?

A
  • initially grab using ulnar (palmar) between fingers and palm
  • pincer more coordination of forefinger and thumb(9-10m)
37
Q

How is fine motor development controlled by myelinsation?

A
  • coated neurones in insulating lipid = efficiency of neural impulse
    -> communication of brain-skeletal muscles
38
Q

what is the rate of myelinisation? and how?

A

Begins in prenatal development
Speeds up after birth & doesn’t slow until adolescence
cephalocaudal and proximodistal

39
Q

Describe the order of myelinisation during prenatal period? and in cerebral cortex

A
  • spinal cord, then hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
  • in CC sensory processing areas first
    then cortical areas responsible for motor control of arms and trunk
40
Q

What are the stages of Piagets Cognitive Development Theory?

A

Age Mental processes
1 Birth- 2 years Sensorimotor Intelligence
2 2-7 years Preoperational Thought
3 7 -11 years Concrete Operations
4 11- adulthood Formal Operations

41
Q

What is an invariant developmental sequence ?

A
  • stage progressed in same order
  • never skipped due to building from previous stage
42
Q

what is a schema?

A

an organised pattern of thought or action that one constructs to interpret some aspects of one experience =cognitive structure

43
Q

According to Piaget, what are the two most important achievements of sensorimotor intelligence? explain them

A

intentionality- child beyond simple bodily activities and acts on things, relations between objects
permanence of objects- items exists whether they see them or not, not complete until symbolic function acquired

44
Q

name the 6 sub-phases of the sensorimotor intelligence

A

Phase 1; use of reflexes- reflex activity (0-1m)
Phase 2; primary circular reactions (1-4 m)
Phase 3; secondary circular reactions (4-8m)
Phase 4; coorsination of secondary schemas(8-12m)
Phase 5; Tertiary circular reactions(12-18m)
Phase 6; the beginning of mental representation(18m-2y)

45
Q

What is Phase 1: reflex ability in the sensorimotor intelligence?

A
  • earliest ability(by piaget) sucking reflex
  • end of 1m infant seeks breast on it own
  • behaviour limited to excerising innate reflexes and assimilating new objects into it
  • accommodation and assimilation present(initial way)
46
Q

what is phase 2 of the sensorimotor intelligence stage?

A

Primary circular reactions
- start repeat actions(circular) from previous stage, directed at own body with greater control
more repetition= more deliberate /controlled=coordinated

47
Q

what is phase 3 of the sensorimotor intelligence stage?

A

Secondary circular reactions
- Quasi-intentional behaviour: directed towards exploration of environment, notice acts produce desirable results
- targeted at objects instead of own body now
- not FULLY intentional response, results by CHANCE
- differentiate themselves from objects =control

48
Q

what is phase 4 of the sensorimotor intelligence stage?

A

Coordination of secondary schemas
- intentional and goal-directed behaviours appear; 2+ actions for more complexity
- learnt connection with actions and effect on objects, intentional
-Eg toy covered under blanket(1.blanket 2.toy)
- Goal-directed: component of actions not directly positive outcome = separate means from end
- first anticipatory behaviour = mom getting up

49
Q

what is Phase 5 of the sensorimotor intelligence stage?

A

Tertiary circular reactions
- systematically varies his behaviour= new patterns, new effects
-experiment with learned schemas/B: repeats circular reactions, new variations->new results using small experiments
- Trial-and-error exploratory schemes show infants active curiosity

50
Q

what is Phase 6 of the sensorimotor intelligence stage?

A

The beginning of mental representation
- internalise behavioural schemes-> mental images/routes of how to achieve objects
- experiment mentally consequences of their actions (inner experimentation: mental images instead of trial-and-error) examples not necessary
- symbolic/semiotic function acquired; handle mental representations or think about the world internally not only externally = fully intelligent behaviours

51
Q

what is object permanence

A

objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible or detectable by other senses

52
Q

what are the stages of object permanence?(Piaget)

A

1-4m will not search for objects away from view
4-8m retrieve partially concealed objects, not totally
8-12m clearer object permanence, still not complete, A-not-B error- look for object where found previously not last seen
12-18m improves, searches where last seen
18-24m invisible displacements (toy in hand move hand to barrier,look for toy in hand )

Developmental I:Pregnancy and Infancy (3 decks)

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