Unit 4: First two years of life(Part 1) Flashcards
Define sensation
Detecting elementary properties of a stimulus, eg light stimulating receptors in the eyes
Define perception and cognition
1) brain processes sensation
2) adds stored info leading to cognition
When does hearing typically develop in humans?
Final trimester of prenatal development
how is hearing at birth
Reasonable acute
What is the newborn hearing test called?
automated otoacoustic emission (AOAE) test
How is the AOAE audition test conducted
place small soft-tipped earpiece in babies ear, then play gentle clicking sounds
At what age do infants typically begin to attend to voices and develop expectations of speech?
around 4 months of age
What do infants become accustomed to in terms of their native language?
stressed syllables, sounds combinations, other linguistic features
why can the audition test not have clear responses?
1)baby unsettled during test
2)background noise was there
3)baby has fluid/temporary blockage
what is the initial vision of baby at birth
20/600
normal adult vision
20/20
how may eyes initially appear since they’re used independently?
Cross-eyed(binocular vision cannot develop in uterus cuz nothing far away enough)
How is vision in infants between 2-9 months?
2 months- stare at faces and smile in response to them
3 months- focus on eyes and mouth, smile more to smiling faces than angry
2-4 months- binocular vision develops-> depth perception
By 6 months- visual acuity 20/60
9 months- 20/20 adult vision
what is depth perception
ability to judge distance of objects from another and from ourselves
why is depth perception important ?
helps us understand the layout of the environment and for guiding motor activity
who came up with the visual cliff?
Gibson and Walk(1960)
What is the Visual cliff?
checkerboard pattern on floor with a “shallow” and “deep” side, babies crossed the shallow side but avoided the deep side therefore can distinguish
Visual cliff also use in social referencing studies what are they?
infants use emotional cues from adults to regulate behaviour and decide how to act , must identify emotions on others
what are the limitations of visual cliff
- only be done with babies that already crawl
what about posterior studies?
- involve reaching and defensive behaviours with younger children
- 2 week olds already start engaging
What is the preference technique
1) present two stimuli at same time
2) measure length of time for each stimuli
longer time= bigger preference
newborn prefer randomly organised images than defined patterns
True or False
False, prefer defined pattern
what does object constancy include
size constancy and shape constancy
what is the externality effect
- young infants primarly pay attention to the outside of the figure
- little time towards internal features
when does the externality effect diminish
after age of 1 month
describe the stages of the perception of the human face of an baby
Newborn- none
over 2 months- internal features (focus eyes)
3 months- moms face discriminated
4 months- internal features(focus eyes, nose mouth)
5 months- generalized facial scheme diversifies
5-6 months- recognize facial expressions and react to them
Are newborns sensory or motor abilities stronger at first?
sensory abilities
How does motor control typically develop in infants shortly after birth?
- cephalo-caudal(head to toe)
- proximo-distal(center of the body outwards)
- new skills built on previous developed skills
what is necessary for executing voluntary movements?
Coordination- between brain areas that communicate with skeletal muscles via spinal cord(takes time to develop)
VM= inborn reflexes+ environment interaction+ repeated practice
what does motor control depend on
innate movements(reflexes) and stimulation from environment
what is gross-motor movement
- large movements involving many parts of the body Eg walking, jumping
- infants first control body in cephalo… then proximo.. direction
Stages of motor development of the head
Birth- head can be moved.
1-4 months- babies lift their head when prone on stomach(tummy time)
4 months- almost all can sustain their head when sitted
stages of motor development of the hands
newborn- palmar grasping reflex
3-4 months- can grab moderate sized objects
7-11 months- coordination for small objects
15 months- build tower of blocks
Locomotion
3 months- turn around
sitting- supported 1-4m, unsupported 5-9m
5 months- drag themselves
5-11 months- lift to crawl/standing position
7 months- stand w/support 11-12 months /without
10-17 months- stand and walk alone
18-30 months- run, jump
what is fine motor development?
- small body movements
- increased control over hands and fingers
- pre-reaching: present from birth(poor coordination of swiping at objects)
-4-6 months more accurate
what is ulmar and pincer grip?
- initially grab using ulnar (palmar) between fingers and palm
- pincer more coordination of forefinger and thumb(9-10m)
How is fine motor development controlled by myelinsation?
- coated neurones in insulating lipid = efficiency of neural impulse
-> communication of brain-skeletal muscles
what is the rate of myelinisation? and how?
Begins in prenatal development
Speeds up after birth & doesn’t slow until adolescence
cephalocaudal and proximodistal
Describe the order of myelinisation during prenatal period? and in cerebral cortex
- spinal cord, then hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
- in CC sensory processing areas first
then cortical areas responsible for motor control of arms and trunk
What are the stages of Piagets Cognitive Development Theory?
Age Mental processes
1 Birth- 2 years Sensorimotor Intelligence
2 2-7 years Preoperational Thought
3 7 -11 years Concrete Operations
4 11- adulthood Formal Operations
What is an invariant developmental sequence ?
- stage progressed in same order
- never skipped due to building from previous stage
what is a schema?
an organised pattern of thought or action that one constructs to interpret some aspects of one experience =cognitive structure
According to Piaget, what are the two most important achievements of sensorimotor intelligence? explain them
intentionality- child beyond simple bodily activities and acts on things, relations between objects
permanence of objects- items exists whether they see them or not, not complete until symbolic function acquired
name the 6 sub-phases of the sensorimotor intelligence
Phase 1; use of reflexes- reflex activity (0-1m)
Phase 2; primary circular reactions (1-4 m)
Phase 3; secondary circular reactions (4-8m)
Phase 4; coorsination of secondary schemas(8-12m)
Phase 5; Tertiary circular reactions(12-18m)
Phase 6; the beginning of mental representation(18m-2y)
What is Phase 1: reflex ability in the sensorimotor intelligence?
- earliest ability(by piaget) sucking reflex
- end of 1m infant seeks breast on it own
- behaviour limited to excerising innate reflexes and assimilating new objects into it
- accommodation and assimilation present(initial way)
what is phase 2 of the sensorimotor intelligence stage?
Primary circular reactions
- start repeat actions(circular) from previous stage, directed at own body with greater control
more repetition= more deliberate /controlled=coordinated
what is phase 3 of the sensorimotor intelligence stage?
Secondary circular reactions
- Quasi-intentional behaviour: directed towards exploration of environment, notice acts produce desirable results
- targeted at objects instead of own body now
- not FULLY intentional response, results by CHANCE
- differentiate themselves from objects =control
what is phase 4 of the sensorimotor intelligence stage?
Coordination of secondary schemas
- intentional and goal-directed behaviours appear; 2+ actions for more complexity
- learnt connection with actions and effect on objects, intentional
-Eg toy covered under blanket(1.blanket 2.toy)
- Goal-directed: component of actions not directly positive outcome = separate means from end
- first anticipatory behaviour = mom getting up
what is Phase 5 of the sensorimotor intelligence stage?
Tertiary circular reactions
- systematically varies his behaviour= new patterns, new effects
-experiment with learned schemas/B: repeats circular reactions, new variations->new results using small experiments
- Trial-and-error exploratory schemes show infants active curiosity
what is Phase 6 of the sensorimotor intelligence stage?
The beginning of mental representation
- internalise behavioural schemes-> mental images/routes of how to achieve objects
- experiment mentally consequences of their actions (inner experimentation: mental images instead of trial-and-error) examples not necessary
- symbolic/semiotic function acquired; handle mental representations or think about the world internally not only externally = fully intelligent behaviours
what is object permanence
objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible or detectable by other senses
what are the stages of object permanence?(Piaget)
1-4m will not search for objects away from view
4-8m retrieve partially concealed objects, not totally
8-12m clearer object permanence, still not complete, A-not-B error- look for object where found previously not last seen
12-18m improves, searches where last seen
18-24m invisible displacements (toy in hand move hand to barrier,look for toy in hand )
