Unit 4: First two years of life(Part 1)

Question 1

Define sensation

Answer 1

Detecting elementary properties of a stimulus, eg light stimulating receptors in the eyes

Question 2

Define perception and cognition

Answer 2

1) brain processes sensation
2) adds stored info leading to cognition

Question 3

When does hearing typically develop in humans?

Answer 3

Final trimester of prenatal development

Question 4

how is hearing at birth

Answer 4

Reasonable acute

Question 5

What is the newborn hearing test called?

Answer 5

automated otoacoustic emission (AOAE) test

Question 6

How is the AOAE audition test conducted

Answer 6

place small soft-tipped earpiece in babies ear, then play gentle clicking sounds

Question 7

At what age do infants typically begin to attend to voices and develop expectations of speech?

Answer 7

around 4 months of age

Question 8

What do infants become accustomed to in terms of their native language?

Answer 8

stressed syllables, sounds combinations, other linguistic features

Question 9

why can the audition test not have clear responses?

Answer 9

1)baby unsettled during test
2)background noise was there
3)baby has fluid/temporary blockage

Question 10

what is the initial vision of baby at birth

Answer 10

20/600

Question 11

normal adult vision

Answer 11

20/20

Question 12

how may eyes initially appear since they’re used independently?

Answer 12

Cross-eyed(binocular vision cannot develop in uterus cuz nothing far away enough)

Question 13

How is vision in infants between 2-9 months?

Answer 13

2 months- stare at faces and smile in response to them
3 months- focus on eyes and mouth, smile more to smiling faces than angry
2-4 months- binocular vision develops-> depth perception
By 6 months- visual acuity 20/60
9 months- 20/20 adult vision

Question 14

what is depth perception

Answer 14

ability to judge distance of objects from another and from ourselves

Question 15

why is depth perception important ?

Answer 15

helps us understand the layout of the environment and for guiding motor activity

Question 16

who came up with the visual cliff?

Answer 16

Gibson and Walk(1960)

Question 17

What is the Visual cliff?

Answer 17

checkerboard pattern on floor with a “shallow” and “deep” side, babies crossed the shallow side but avoided the deep side therefore can distinguish

Question 18

Visual cliff also use in social referencing studies what are they?

Answer 18

infants use emotional cues from adults to regulate behaviour and decide how to act , must identify emotions on others

Question 19

what are the limitations of visual cliff

Answer 19

• only be done with babies that already crawl

Question 20

what about posterior studies?

Answer 20

• involve reaching and defensive behaviours with younger children
• 2 week olds already start engaging

Question 21

What is the preference technique

Answer 21

1) present two stimuli at same time
2) measure length of time for each stimuli
longer time= bigger preference

Question 22

newborn prefer randomly organised images than defined patterns
True or False

Answer 22

False, prefer defined pattern

Question 23

what does object constancy include

Answer 23

size constancy and shape constancy

Question 24

what is the externality effect

Answer 24

• young infants primarly pay attention to the outside of the figure
• little time towards internal features

Question 25

when does the externality effect diminish

Answer 25

after age of 1 month

Question 26

describe the stages of the perception of the human face of an baby

Answer 26

Newborn- none over 2 months- internal features (focus eyes) 3 months- moms face discriminated 4 months- internal features(focus eyes, nose mouth) 5 months- generalized facial scheme diversifies 5-6 months- recognize facial expressions and react to them

Question 27

Are newborns sensory or motor abilities stronger at first?

Answer 27

sensory abilities

Question 28

How does motor control typically develop in infants shortly after birth?

Answer 28

- cephalo-caudal(head to toe) - proximo-distal(center of the body outwards) - new skills built on previous developed skills

Question 29

what is necessary for executing voluntary movements?

Answer 29

Coordination- between brain areas that communicate with skeletal muscles via spinal cord(takes time to develop) VM= inborn reflexes+ environment interaction+ repeated practice

Question 30

what does motor control depend on

Answer 30

innate movements(reflexes) and stimulation from environment

Question 31

what is gross-motor movement

Answer 31

- large movements involving many parts of the body Eg walking, jumping - infants first control body in cephalo... then proximo.. direction

Question 32

Stages of motor development of the head

Answer 32

Birth- head can be moved. 1-4 months- babies lift their head when prone on stomach(tummy time) 4 months- almost all can sustain their head when sitted

Question 33

stages of motor development of the hands

Answer 33

newborn- palmar grasping reflex 3-4 months- can grab moderate sized objects 7-11 months- coordination for small objects 15 months- build tower of blocks

Question 34

Locomotion

Answer 34

3 months- turn around sitting- supported 1-4m, unsupported 5-9m 5 months- drag themselves 5-11 months- lift to crawl/standing position 7 months- stand w/support 11-12 months /without 10-17 months- stand and walk alone 18-30 months- run, jump

Question 35

what is fine motor development?

Answer 35

- small body movements - increased control over hands and fingers - pre-reaching: present from birth(poor coordination of swiping at objects) -4-6 months more accurate

Question 36

what is ulmar and pincer grip?

Answer 36

- initially grab using ulnar (palmar) between fingers and palm - pincer more coordination of forefinger and thumb(9-10m)

Question 37

How is fine motor development controlled by myelinsation?

Answer 37

- coated neurones in insulating lipid = efficiency of neural impulse -> communication of brain-skeletal muscles

Question 38

what is the rate of myelinisation? and how?

Answer 38

Begins in prenatal development Speeds up after birth & doesn't slow until adolescence cephalocaudal and proximodistal

Question 39

Describe the order of myelinisation during prenatal period? and in cerebral cortex

Answer 39

- spinal cord, then hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain - in CC sensory processing areas first then cortical areas responsible for motor control of arms and trunk

Question 40

What are the stages of Piagets Cognitive Development Theory?

Answer 40

Age Mental processes 1 Birth- 2 years Sensorimotor Intelligence 2 2-7 years Preoperational Thought 3 7 -11 years Concrete Operations 4 11- adulthood Formal Operations

Question 41

What is an invariant developmental sequence ?

Answer 41

- stage progressed in same order - never skipped due to building from previous stage

Question 42

what is a schema?

Answer 42

an organised pattern of thought or action that one constructs to interpret some aspects of one experience =cognitive structure

Question 43

According to Piaget, what are the two most important achievements of sensorimotor intelligence? explain them

Answer 43

intentionality- child beyond simple bodily activities and acts on things, relations between objects permanence of objects- items exists whether they see them or not, not complete until symbolic function acquired

Question 44

name the 6 sub-phases of the sensorimotor intelligence

Answer 44

Phase 1; use of reflexes- reflex activity (0-1m) Phase 2; primary circular reactions (1-4 m) Phase 3; secondary circular reactions (4-8m) Phase 4; coorsination of secondary schemas(8-12m) Phase 5; Tertiary circular reactions(12-18m) Phase 6; the beginning of mental representation(18m-2y)

Question 45

What is Phase 1: reflex ability in the sensorimotor intelligence?

Answer 45

- earliest ability(by piaget) sucking reflex - end of 1m infant seeks breast on it own - behaviour limited to excerising innate reflexes and assimilating new objects into it - accommodation and assimilation present(initial way)

Question 46

what is phase 2 of the sensorimotor intelligence stage?

Answer 46

Primary circular reactions - start repeat actions(circular) from previous stage, directed at own body with greater control more repetition= more deliberate /controlled=coordinated

Question 47

what is phase 3 of the sensorimotor intelligence stage?

Answer 47

Secondary circular reactions - Quasi-intentional behaviour: directed towards exploration of environment, notice acts produce desirable results - targeted at objects instead of own body now - not FULLY intentional response, results by CHANCE - differentiate themselves from objects =control

Question 48

what is phase 4 of the sensorimotor intelligence stage?

Answer 48

Coordination of secondary schemas - intentional and goal-directed behaviours appear; 2+ actions for more complexity - learnt connection with actions and effect on objects, intentional -Eg toy covered under blanket(1.blanket 2.toy) - Goal-directed: component of actions not directly positive outcome = separate means from end - first anticipatory behaviour = mom getting up

Question 49

what is Phase 5 of the sensorimotor intelligence stage?

Answer 49

Tertiary circular reactions - systematically varies his behaviour= new patterns, new effects -experiment with learned schemas/B: repeats circular reactions, new variations->new results using small experiments - Trial-and-error exploratory schemes show infants active curiosity

Question 50

what is Phase 6 of the sensorimotor intelligence stage?

Answer 50

The beginning of mental representation - internalise behavioural schemes-> mental images/routes of how to achieve objects - experiment mentally consequences of their actions (inner experimentation: mental images instead of trial-and-error) examples not necessary - symbolic/semiotic function acquired; handle mental representations or think about the world internally not only externally = fully intelligent behaviours

Question 51

what is object permanence

Answer 51

objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible or detectable by other senses

Question 52

what are the stages of object permanence?(Piaget)

Answer 52

1-4m will not search for objects away from view 4-8m retrieve partially concealed objects, not totally 8-12m clearer object permanence, still not complete, A-not-B error- look for object where found previously not last seen 12-18m improves, searches where last seen 18-24m invisible displacements (toy in hand move hand to barrier,look for toy in hand )