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APES > Unit 4: Earth Sciences > Flashcards

Unit 4: Earth Sciences Flashcards

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1
Q

What is C
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit

A

Hadley Cell

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2
Q

What is B
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit

A

Ferrell Cell

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3
Q

What layer is 2?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1dPkZBCPL8KZNb1lVcLuFdfPtnwK74q3PWgBPqDuZRqc/edit

A

a- Horizon

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4
Q

What Layer is 7 in the Picture?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1L-g7TXKkJkddBtcch60jfX4vor38DiG070rX4lDA3xw/edit

A

Inner Core

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5
Q

What Layer is 6 in the Picture?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1L-g7TXKkJkddBtcch60jfX4vor38DiG070rX4lDA3xw/edit

A

Outer Core

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6
Q

What Layer is 5 in the Picture?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1L-g7TXKkJkddBtcch60jfX4vor38DiG070rX4lDA3xw/edit

A

Asthenosphere

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7
Q

What Layer is 3 in the Picture?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1L-g7TXKkJkddBtcch60jfX4vor38DiG070rX4lDA3xw/edit

A

The Core

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8
Q

What Layer is 2 in the Picture?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1L-g7TXKkJkddBtcch60jfX4vor38DiG070rX4lDA3xw/edit

A

The Mantle

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9
Q

What Layer is 4 in the Picture?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1L-g7TXKkJkddBtcch60jfX4vor38DiG070rX4lDA3xw/edit

A

The Crust

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10
Q

What Layer is 4 in the Picture?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1L-g7TXKkJkddBtcch60jfX4vor38DiG070rX4lDA3xw/edit

A

The Crust

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11
Q

What is the Core made of?

A

Dense mass of Solid nickel, iron, and radioactive elements that release massive amount of heat

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12
Q

What is the Mantle?

A

liquid layer of magma surrounding core, kept liquified by intense heat from core

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13
Q

What is the Asthenosphere?

A

solid, flexible outer layer of mantle, beneath the lithosphere

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14
Q

What is the Lithosphere?

A

thin, brittle layer of rock floating on top of mantle (broken up into tectonic plates)

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15
Q

What is the Crust?

A

Very outer layer of the lithosphere, earth’s surface

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16
Q

What are Divergent Plate Boundaries?

A

Plates move away from each other

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17
Q

Why do Divergent Plates happen

A

Rising magma plume from mantle forces plates apart

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18
Q

What do Divergent Plate boundaries form?

A

mid-oceanic ridges, volcanoes, seafloor spreading, and rift valleys (on land

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19
Q

What are Convergent Plate Boundaries?

A

Plates move towards each other
Leads to subduction (one plate being forced beneath another)

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20
Q

What do Convergent Plate Boundaries form?

A

Mountains, island arcs, earthquakes, and volcanoes

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21
Q

Convection Cycles (Divergent)

A

Magma heated by earth’s core rises towards lithosphere
Rising magma cools & expands, forcing oceanic plates apart
Magma cools, and solidifies into new lithosphere
Spreading magma forces oceanic plate into converge

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22
Q

What type of zone is a convergent boundary?

A

The Subduction Zone

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23
Q

Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Boundary

A

one plate subducts underneath other
Forces magma up to lithosphere surface, forming mid ocean volcanoes, Island arcs and Off-shore trench

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24
Q

What are Island arcs?

A

a curved chain of volcanic islands

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25
Oceanic-Continental Convergent Boundary
dense oceanic plate subducts beneath cont. Plate & melts back into magma Forces magma up to lithosphere surface and forms Coastal Mountains (Andes), Volcanoes on land, trenches, tsunamis
26
Continental- Continental Convergent Boundary
one plate subducts underneath other, forcing surface crust upward (mountains)
27
Transform Fault Boundary
Plates slide past each other in opp. directions Earthquakes = rough edges get stuck on each other Pressures builds as plates sliding but edges stay stuck stress overcomes the locked fault, plates release, slide past each other & shakes the lithosphere
28
Ring of Fire
Pattern of volcanoes all around pacific plate (offshore island arcs)
29
Hotspots
areas of esp. hot magma rising up to lithosphere
30
What is Humus?
main organic part of soil (broken down biomass like leaves, dead animals, waste, etc.
31
What are Nutrients in soil
ammonium, phosphates, nitrates
32
What layer is 1? https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1dPkZBCPL8KZNb1lVcLuFdfPtnwK74q3PWgBPqDuZRqc/edit
O- Horizon
33
What layer is 2? https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1dPkZBCPL8KZNb1lVcLuFdfPtnwK74q3PWgBPqDuZRqc/edit
a- Horizon
34
What layer is 3? https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1dPkZBCPL8KZNb1lVcLuFdfPtnwK74q3PWgBPqDuZRqc/edit
B- Horizon
35
What layer is 3? https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1dPkZBCPL8KZNb1lVcLuFdfPtnwK74q3PWgBPqDuZRqc/edit
B- Horizon
36
What is the O-horizon
layer of organic matter on top of soil Provides nutrients and limits H2O loss to evap
37
What is the a-horizon
aka topsoil; layer of humus and minerals from parent material most biological activity breaking down organic matter to release nutrients
38
What is Soil Texture
is the % of sand, silt, and clay in a soil
39
What do sand particles look like
big rocks with space between them
40
What do silt particles look like
small compacted particles
41
What do clay particles look like
bricks building on each other
42
Porosity
the amount of pore space a soil has
43
How does the level of sand effect porosity? How does clay?
more sand in a soil = more porous/higher porosity (easier for water + air to enter) more clay in a soil = less porous/less porosity (harder for water + air to enter)
44
Permeability
how easily water drains through a soil
45
How does a warm climate effect soil
faster breakdown of org. matter;
46
What is the B-horizon
aka subsoil; lighter layer below topsoil, mostly made of minerals w/little to no org. matter Contains some nutrients
47
What is the C-horizon
least weathered soil that is closest to the parent material, sometimes called bedrock
48
What is Soil Degradation
The loss of the ability of soil to support plant growth
49
What is the relationship between porosity and permeability?
More porous/higher porosity = more permeable/higher permeability Positive relationship between porosity + permeability
50
What are the Nutrients in soil
N, P, K+, Mg2+, Ca+, Na+
51
How is there a loss of topsoil? What does it do?
tiling + loss of vegetation disturb soil and make it more easily eroded by wind and rain dries out soil, removes nutrients + soil organisms that recycle nutrients
52
What is compaction? What does it do to the soil?
compression of soil by machines grazing livestock, and humans reduces ability to hold moisture erodes more easily, supports less plant growth, less root structure, leading to more erosion
53
Nutrient Depletion
repeatedly growing crops on the same soil removes key nutrients (N, P, K, Na, Mg) over time
54
H2O holding Capacity
how well water is retained, or held by a soil More porous/permeable = lower H2O holding capacity
55
Soil texture Effect on Soil Fertility
Too sandy > ) drains water too quickly for roots + dries out Too clay > soil doesn’t let H2O drain to roots, or waterlogs (suffocating them
56
Factors that increase soil nutrients
Organic matter Humus Decomposer activity Clay Bases (Calcium carbonate - limestone)
57
Factors that decrease soil nutrients
Acids leach pos. charge nutrients Excessive rain/irr. leeches nutrients Excessive farming depletes nut. Topsoil erosion
58
Factors that increase H2O holding cap.
Aerated soil (biological activity) Compost/humus/organic matter Clay content Root structure, especially natives
59
Factors that decrease H2O holding cap.
Compacted soil (machines, cows) Topsoil erosion Sand Root loss
60
Gasses of Earth’s Atmosphere
Nitrogen ~ 78% (Mostly N2) Argon ~ 0.93% CO2 ~ 0.04% (Most important GHG; leads to global warming. Removed from atm. by photosynthesis) Oxygen ~ 21% Water Vapor ~ 0-4%
61
Exosphere
Outermost layer where atm. merges with space
62
Thermosphere
hottest temp; temp. Increases due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation Hottest place on earth absorbs harmful X-rays & UV radiation charged gas molecules glow under intense solar radiation producing northern lights (aurora borealis)
63
Mesosphere
Middle 60-80 km, even less dense temp. decreases because density decreases, leaving fewer molecules to absorb sun Coldest place on earth
64
Stratosphere
temp. increases because top layer of stratosphere is warmed by UV rays 16-60 km; less dense due to less pressure from layers above Thickest O3 layer is found here; absorbs UV-B & UV-C rays which can mutate DNA of animals (cancer)
65
Troposphere
weather occurs here 0-16 km, most dense due to pressure of other layers above it Most of gas molecules are found here Ozone layer temp. decreases as air gets further from warmth of earth’s surface
66
What is B https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fo.quizlet.com%2Fi%2FC1wjy3-DMpOmlWhMIZyIQQ.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fquizlet.com%2F543787304%2Fweather-part-1-flash-cards%2F&tbnid=ZhXlzn-HhNV5iM&vet=12ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ..i&docid=4YuqkQ4KPmx6fM&w=500&h=376&itg=1&q=layers%20of%20the%20atmosphere%20unlabeled&ved=2ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ&surl=1&safe=active&ssui=on
Thermosphere
67
What is C https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fo.quizlet.com%2Fi%2FC1wjy3-DMpOmlWhMIZyIQQ.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fquizlet.com%2F543787304%2Fweather-part-1-flash-cards%2F&tbnid=ZhXlzn-HhNV5iM&vet=12ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ..i&docid=4YuqkQ4KPmx6fM&w=500&h=376&itg=1&q=layers%20of%20the%20atmosphere%20unlabeled&ved=2ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ&surl=1&safe=active&ssui=on
Mesosphere
68
What is A https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fo.quizlet.com%2Fi%2FC1wjy3-DMpOmlWhMIZyIQQ.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fquizlet.com%2F543787304%2Fweather-part-1-flash-cards%2F&tbnid=ZhXlzn-HhNV5iM&vet=12ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ..i&docid=4YuqkQ4KPmx6fM&w=500&h=376&itg=1&q=layers%20of%20the%20atmosphere%20unlabeled&ved=2ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ&surl=1&safe=active&ssui=on
Exosphere
69
What is D https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fo.quizlet.com%2Fi%2FC1wjy3-DMpOmlWhMIZyIQQ.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fquizlet.com%2F543787304%2Fweather-part-1-flash-cards%2F&tbnid=ZhXlzn-HhNV5iM&vet=12ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ..i&docid=4YuqkQ4KPmx6fM&w=500&h=376&itg=1&q=layers%20of%20the%20atmosphere%20unlabeled&ved=2ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ&surl=1&safe=active&ssui=on
Stratosphere
70
What is E https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fo.quizlet.com%2Fi%2FC1wjy3-DMpOmlWhMIZyIQQ.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fquizlet.com%2F543787304%2Fweather-part-1-flash-cards%2F&tbnid=ZhXlzn-HhNV5iM&vet=12ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ..i&docid=4YuqkQ4KPmx6fM&w=500&h=376&itg=1&q=layers%20of%20the%20atmosphere%20unlabeled&ved=2ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ&surl=1&safe=active&ssui=on
Troposphere
71
Air Properties
Warm air holds more moisture than cold Rising air expands & cools Cool air can’t hold as much H2O vapor (condenses → rain) After cooling & expanding, air sinks
72
Westerlies
30 - 60: winds blow W→ E
73
Eastern Trade Winds
0o - 30 winds blow E → W Changes ocean current
74
What way is the current in the Northern Hemisphere? Southern Hemisphere?
North> Clockwise South> Counterclockwise
75
Global Wind Patterns
Air moves out from 30o to 0o and 60o due to high pressure @ 300 & low pressure @ O & 60
76
What is A https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit
Polar Cell
77
What is B https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit
Ferrell Cell
78
What is C https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit
Hadley Cell
79
What is d https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit
Polar Easterlies
80
What is E https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit
Westerlies
81
What is E https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit
Westerlies
82
What is F https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit
Eastern Trade Winds

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