Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APES > Unit 4: Earth Sciences > Flashcards

Unit 4: Earth Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

What is C
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit

A

Hadley Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is B
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit

A

Ferrell Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What layer is 2?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1dPkZBCPL8KZNb1lVcLuFdfPtnwK74q3PWgBPqDuZRqc/edit

A

a- Horizon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What Layer is 7 in the Picture?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1L-g7TXKkJkddBtcch60jfX4vor38DiG070rX4lDA3xw/edit

A

Inner Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What Layer is 6 in the Picture?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1L-g7TXKkJkddBtcch60jfX4vor38DiG070rX4lDA3xw/edit

A

Outer Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What Layer is 5 in the Picture?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1L-g7TXKkJkddBtcch60jfX4vor38DiG070rX4lDA3xw/edit

A

Asthenosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What Layer is 3 in the Picture?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1L-g7TXKkJkddBtcch60jfX4vor38DiG070rX4lDA3xw/edit

A

The Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What Layer is 2 in the Picture?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1L-g7TXKkJkddBtcch60jfX4vor38DiG070rX4lDA3xw/edit

A

The Mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What Layer is 4 in the Picture?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1L-g7TXKkJkddBtcch60jfX4vor38DiG070rX4lDA3xw/edit

A

The Crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What Layer is 4 in the Picture?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1L-g7TXKkJkddBtcch60jfX4vor38DiG070rX4lDA3xw/edit

A

The Crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the Core made of?

A

Dense mass of Solid nickel, iron, and radioactive elements that release massive amount of heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Mantle?

A

liquid layer of magma surrounding core, kept liquified by intense heat from core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Asthenosphere?

A

solid, flexible outer layer of mantle, beneath the lithosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the Lithosphere?

A

thin, brittle layer of rock floating on top of mantle (broken up into tectonic plates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the Crust?

A

Very outer layer of the lithosphere, earth’s surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Divergent Plate Boundaries?

A

Plates move away from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why do Divergent Plates happen

A

Rising magma plume from mantle forces plates apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do Divergent Plate boundaries form?

A

mid-oceanic ridges, volcanoes, seafloor spreading, and rift valleys (on land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are Convergent Plate Boundaries?

A

Plates move towards each other
Leads to subduction (one plate being forced beneath another)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do Convergent Plate Boundaries form?

A

Mountains, island arcs, earthquakes, and volcanoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Convection Cycles (Divergent)

A

Magma heated by earth’s core rises towards lithosphere
Rising magma cools & expands, forcing oceanic plates apart
Magma cools, and solidifies into new lithosphere
Spreading magma forces oceanic plate into converge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of zone is a convergent boundary?

A

The Subduction Zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Boundary

A

one plate subducts underneath other
Forces magma up to lithosphere surface, forming mid ocean volcanoes, Island arcs and Off-shore trench

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are Island arcs?

A

a curved chain of volcanic islands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Oceanic-Continental Convergent Boundary

A

dense oceanic plate subducts beneath cont. Plate & melts back into magma
Forces magma up to lithosphere surface and forms Coastal Mountains (Andes), Volcanoes on land, trenches, tsunamis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Continental- Continental Convergent Boundary

A

one plate subducts underneath other, forcing surface crust upward (mountains)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Transform Fault Boundary

A

Plates slide past each other in opp. directions
Earthquakes = rough edges get stuck on each other
Pressures builds as plates sliding but edges stay stuck
stress overcomes the locked fault, plates release, slide past each other & shakes the lithosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ring of Fire

A

Pattern of volcanoes all around pacific plate (offshore island arcs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hotspots

A

areas of esp. hot magma rising up to lithosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Humus?

A

main organic part of soil (broken down biomass like leaves, dead animals, waste, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are Nutrients in soil

A

ammonium, phosphates, nitrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What layer is 1?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1dPkZBCPL8KZNb1lVcLuFdfPtnwK74q3PWgBPqDuZRqc/edit

A

O- Horizon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What layer is 2?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1dPkZBCPL8KZNb1lVcLuFdfPtnwK74q3PWgBPqDuZRqc/edit

A

a- Horizon

34
Q

What layer is 3?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1dPkZBCPL8KZNb1lVcLuFdfPtnwK74q3PWgBPqDuZRqc/edit

A

B- Horizon

35
Q

What layer is 3?
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1dPkZBCPL8KZNb1lVcLuFdfPtnwK74q3PWgBPqDuZRqc/edit

A

B- Horizon

36
Q

What is the O-horizon

A

layer of organic matter on top of soil
Provides nutrients and limits H2O loss to evap

37
Q

What is the a-horizon

A

aka topsoil; layer of humus and minerals from parent material
most biological activity breaking down organic matter to release nutrients

38
Q

What is Soil Texture

A

is the % of sand, silt, and clay in a soil

39
Q

What do sand particles look like

A

big rocks with space between them

40
Q

What do silt particles look like

A

small compacted particles

41
Q

What do clay particles look like

A

bricks building on each other

42
Q

Porosity

A

the amount of pore space a soil has

43
Q

How does the level of sand effect porosity? How does clay?

A

more sand in a soil = more porous/higher porosity (easier for water + air to enter)
more clay in a soil = less porous/less porosity (harder for water + air to enter)

44
Q

Permeability

A

how easily water drains through a soil

45
Q

How does a warm climate effect soil

A

faster breakdown of org. matter;

46
Q

What is the B-horizon

A

aka subsoil; lighter layer below topsoil, mostly made of minerals w/little to no org. matter
Contains some nutrients

47
Q

What is the C-horizon

A

least weathered soil that is closest to the parent material, sometimes called bedrock

48
Q

What is Soil Degradation

A

The loss of the ability of soil to support plant growth

49
Q

What is the relationship between porosity and permeability?

A

More porous/higher porosity = more permeable/higher permeability
Positive relationship between porosity + permeability

50
Q

What are the Nutrients in soil

A

N, P, K+, Mg2+, Ca+, Na+

51
Q

How is there a loss of topsoil? What does it do?

A

tiling + loss of vegetation disturb soil and make it more easily eroded by wind and rain
dries out soil, removes nutrients + soil organisms that recycle nutrients

52
Q

What is compaction? What does it do to the soil?

A

compression of soil by machines grazing livestock, and humans reduces ability to hold moisture
erodes more easily, supports less plant growth, less root structure, leading to more erosion

53
Q

Nutrient Depletion

A

repeatedly growing crops on the same soil removes key nutrients (N, P, K, Na, Mg) over time

54
Q

H2O holding Capacity

A

how well water is retained, or held by a soil
More porous/permeable = lower H2O holding capacity

55
Q

Soil texture Effect on Soil Fertility

A

Too sandy > ) drains water too quickly for roots + dries out
Too clay > soil doesn’t let H2O drain to roots, or waterlogs (suffocating them

56
Q

Factors that increase soil nutrients

A

Organic matter
Humus
Decomposer activity
Clay
Bases (Calcium carbonate - limestone)

57
Q

Factors that decrease soil nutrients

A

Acids leach pos. charge nutrients
Excessive rain/irr. leeches nutrients
Excessive farming depletes nut.
Topsoil erosion

58
Q

Factors that increase H2O holding cap.

A

Aerated soil (biological activity)
Compost/humus/organic matter
Clay content
Root structure, especially natives

59
Q

Factors that decrease H2O holding cap.

A

Compacted soil (machines, cows)
Topsoil erosion
Sand
Root loss

60
Q

Gasses of Earth’s Atmosphere

A

Nitrogen ~ 78% (Mostly N2)
Argon ~ 0.93%
CO2 ~ 0.04% (Most important GHG; leads to global warming. Removed from atm. by photosynthesis)
Oxygen ~ 21%
Water Vapor ~ 0-4%

61
Q

Exosphere

A

Outermost layer where atm. merges with space

62
Q

Thermosphere

A

hottest temp; temp. Increases due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation
Hottest place on earth
absorbs harmful X-rays & UV radiation
charged gas molecules glow under intense solar radiation producing northern lights (aurora borealis)

63
Q

Mesosphere

A

Middle
60-80 km, even less dense
temp. decreases because density decreases, leaving fewer molecules to absorb sun
Coldest place on earth

64
Q

Stratosphere

A

temp. increases because top layer of stratosphere is warmed by UV rays
16-60 km; less dense due to less pressure from layers above
Thickest O3 layer is found here; absorbs UV-B & UV-C rays which can mutate DNA of animals (cancer)

65
Q

Troposphere

A

weather occurs here 0-16 km, most dense due to pressure of other layers above it
Most of gas molecules are found here
Ozone layer
temp. decreases as air gets further from warmth of earth’s surface

66
Q

What is B
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fo.quizlet.com%2Fi%2FC1wjy3-DMpOmlWhMIZyIQQ.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fquizlet.com%2F543787304%2Fweather-part-1-flash-cards%2F&tbnid=ZhXlzn-HhNV5iM&vet=12ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ..i&docid=4YuqkQ4KPmx6fM&w=500&h=376&itg=1&q=layers%20of%20the%20atmosphere%20unlabeled&ved=2ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ&surl=1&safe=active&ssui=on

A

Thermosphere

67
Q

What is C
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fo.quizlet.com%2Fi%2FC1wjy3-DMpOmlWhMIZyIQQ.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fquizlet.com%2F543787304%2Fweather-part-1-flash-cards%2F&tbnid=ZhXlzn-HhNV5iM&vet=12ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ..i&docid=4YuqkQ4KPmx6fM&w=500&h=376&itg=1&q=layers%20of%20the%20atmosphere%20unlabeled&ved=2ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ&surl=1&safe=active&ssui=on

A

Mesosphere

68
Q

What is A
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fo.quizlet.com%2Fi%2FC1wjy3-DMpOmlWhMIZyIQQ.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fquizlet.com%2F543787304%2Fweather-part-1-flash-cards%2F&tbnid=ZhXlzn-HhNV5iM&vet=12ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ..i&docid=4YuqkQ4KPmx6fM&w=500&h=376&itg=1&q=layers%20of%20the%20atmosphere%20unlabeled&ved=2ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ&surl=1&safe=active&ssui=on

A

Exosphere

69
Q

What is D
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fo.quizlet.com%2Fi%2FC1wjy3-DMpOmlWhMIZyIQQ.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fquizlet.com%2F543787304%2Fweather-part-1-flash-cards%2F&tbnid=ZhXlzn-HhNV5iM&vet=12ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ..i&docid=4YuqkQ4KPmx6fM&w=500&h=376&itg=1&q=layers%20of%20the%20atmosphere%20unlabeled&ved=2ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ&surl=1&safe=active&ssui=on

A

Stratosphere

70
Q

What is E
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fo.quizlet.com%2Fi%2FC1wjy3-DMpOmlWhMIZyIQQ.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fquizlet.com%2F543787304%2Fweather-part-1-flash-cards%2F&tbnid=ZhXlzn-HhNV5iM&vet=12ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ..i&docid=4YuqkQ4KPmx6fM&w=500&h=376&itg=1&q=layers%20of%20the%20atmosphere%20unlabeled&ved=2ahUKEwjS6MKtxZX6AhUjrnIEHQHyAAIQMygDegUIARDHAQ&surl=1&safe=active&ssui=on

A

Troposphere

71
Q

Air Properties

A

Warm air holds more moisture than cold
Rising air expands & cools
Cool air can’t hold as much H2O vapor (condenses → rain)
After cooling & expanding, air sinks

72
Q

Westerlies

A

30 - 60: winds blow W→ E

73
Q

Eastern Trade Winds

A

0o - 30 winds blow E → W
Changes ocean current

74
Q

What way is the current in the Northern Hemisphere? Southern Hemisphere?

A

North> Clockwise
South> Counterclockwise

75
Q

Global Wind Patterns

A

Air moves out from 30o to 0o and 60o due to high pressure @ 300 & low pressure @ O & 60

76
Q

What is A
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit

A

Polar Cell

77
Q

What is B
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit

A

Ferrell Cell

78
Q

What is C
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit

A

Hadley Cell

79
Q

What is d
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit

A

Polar Easterlies

80
Q

What is E
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit

A

Westerlies

81
Q

What is E
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit

A

Westerlies

82
Q

What is F
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1u_mgRe6gN9oRCjJoz7e410TROsQt9gUJHQurZIrOE9o/edit

A

Eastern Trade Winds

APES (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions