Unit 4 - Early & Late Radiation Effects on Organ Systems Flashcards
If a person receives radiation exposure sufficient to cause the gastrointestinal syndrome, fatality occurs primarily because of:
catastrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal track, resulting in the death of the exposed person within 3 to 5 days from a combination of infection, fluid loss, and electrolyte imbalance
For persons with hematopoietic syndrome, survival time shortens as the radiation dose:
increases
Some local tissues suffer immediate consequences from high radiation doses. Examples of such tissues include:
- bone marrow
- male and female reproductive organs
- skin
1, 2, and 3
What determines the rate or production of chromosome aberrations?
- the total radiation dose given to a somatic cell
- the total radiation given to a genetic cell
- the period of time in which radiation dose was delivered
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are classified as early tissue reactions of ionizing radiation?
nausea, epilation, and intestinal disorders
The hematopoietic form of acute radiation syndrome is also called the:
bone marrow syndrome
Organ and tissue response to radiation exposure depends on factors such as:
- radiosensitivity
- reproductive characteristics
- growth rate
1, 2, and 3
A term that is synonymous with epilation is:
alopecia
A single absorbed dose of 2 Gyt can cause a radiation-induced skin erythema within:
24 to 48 hours after irradiation
In 1898, after sustaining severe burns attributed to radiation exposure, this Boston dentist began investigating the hazards of radiation exposure and became the first known determined advocate of radiation protection:
William Herbert Rollins
The correct order of development of the male germ cell from the stem cell phase to the mature cells is:
spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm
Attempts have been made to measure chromosome aberrations after diagnostic x-ray imaging procedures:
but successful results have not been achieved in these studies
During cardiovascular or other therapeutic interventional procedures that use high-level fluoroscopy for extended periods, the effects of ionizing radiation on the skin are:
significant
Early tissue reactions are:
not common in diagnostic imaging
During the major response stages of acute radiation syndrome after the prodromal stage, the period when symptoms that affect the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cerebrovascular systems become visible, is called:
manifest illness
Among the atomic bomb survivors, the number of leukemia victims has _____ since the late 1940s and early 1950s. However, the occurrence rates of other radiation-induced malignancies have continued to _____ since the late 1950s and early 1960s.
slowly declined; escalate
To assess the magnitude and severity of late effects on the exposed population from the 1986 nuclear power station accident at Chernobyl:
long-term follow-up studies are necessary
During the 1950s and 1960s, the Navajo people of Arizona and New Mexico who mined uranium for fueld for nuclear weapons and power plants developed lung cancer years after their exposure. This provides an example of which of the following?
late stochastic effects
In general, laboratory experiments with mice prove that cataracts may be induced with doses of ionizing radiation as low as:
0.1 Gyt
In which of the following human populations is the risk for causing a radiation-induced cancer not directly measurable?
- all patients in diagnostic radiology subjected to a radiation dose below 0.1 Sv
- Chernobyl radiation accident victims living in contaminated villages
- atomic bomb survivors
1 only
Existing data on radiation-induced genetic effects in humans:
are both contradictory and inconclusive
When a prediction is made that the number of excess cancers rises as the natural incidence of cancer increases with advancing age in the population, the risk is considered to be:
relative
What do agents such as specific chemicals, viruses, and ionizing radiation have in common?
they are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of mutations
Epidemiologic studies are of significant value to radiobiologists who use the information from these studies to formulate dose-response curves for making predictions of the risk of _____ in human populations exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation.
cancer
