Unit 4: Clinical Automation Flashcards
All samples are loaded at the same time, single test is conducted on each sample.
Batch Testing
An example test for Batch testing
RT-PCR
Multiple tests were analyzed one after another on a given specimen, one at a time in sequence.
Sequential testing
More than 1 test is analyzed concurrently on a given specimen.
Parallel testing
Any test can be performed on any sample in any sequence
Random Access Testing
A system other than manufacturer’s reagents can be utilized for measurement
Open Reagent System
A system where the operator can only use the manufacturer’s reagents.
Closed Reagent System
Provides point-to-point delivery of specimens to the laboratory
Pneumatic Tube Delivery System
Advantages of Automation
- Increased number of tests performed
- Minimimizes variation of results
- Eliminates potential error in manual analyses
Steps in Automated Analysis
- Specimen prep and identification
- Specimen measurement and delivery
- Reagent system and delivery
- Chemical reaction phase
- Separation and incubation
- Measurement phase
- Signal processing and data handling
- LIS support
4 types of Analyzers
- Continuous Flow Analyzer
- Centrifugal Analyzer
- Discrete Analyzer
- Random Acces Analyzer
Analysis of samples is through sequential testing in a single or multiple parallel channel configuration, which means the same group of tests is performed on each sample
Continuous Flow Analyzer
Type of analysis, which uses air bubbles in the sample and reagent streams.
Continuous Flow Analyzer
Continuous Flow Analyzer uses this for cleaning media and separation
Air bubbles
Maintains the required temperature of the reaction to allow complete color development
Heating bath
Continuous Flow Analyzer can also perform what type of analysis?
Batch analysis
Uses the force generated by centrifugation to transfer specimens and reagents
Centrifugal Analyzer
Most popular and versatile analyzer, measures only the tests required on a sample
Discrete analyzer
Requires 2-6 ul of the sample
Discrete Analyzer
Discrete Analyzer requires how much of the sample?
2-6 ul
An example of Discrete Analyzer
Fuji Dri-Chem Analyzer
Analyzer that uses Reflectance Photometry
Fuji Dri-Chem Analyzer
Composition of Dry slides
- Spreading Layer
- Scavenger Layer (filtering layer)
- Reagent Layer (Reaction layer)
- Indicator Layer (Chromogenic layer)
- Support Layer
Also called as filtering layer
Scavenger Layer
Chooses samples and reagents at random regardless of their placement in the automated platform
Random Access Analyzer
Minimize diffusion of reagents and mixing between samples
Air bubbles
Reaction rate of Continuous Flow Analyzer is controlled by?
Temperature
Continuous Flow Analyzer mixes samples and reagents by using?
Glass coils inserted into flow path
Means of light reflected from solid surfaces
Reflectance photometry
Also called as chromogenic layer
Indicator layer
Also called as reaction layer
Reagent Layer
Removes interfering substances
Scavenger layer
Integrated into automation system to constantly check reliability
Levey-Jennings quality control curves
Examples of Continuous Flow Analyzer
Simultaneous Multiple Analyzer (SMA) and Technicon
Examples of Centrifugal Analyzer
Cobas-Bio (Roche) and IL Monarch
Examples of Discrete Analyzer
- Fuji Dri-chem Analyzer
- Beckman ASTRA system
- Roche Cobas Integra
- Bayer Advia
- Vitros-Orthoclinical Diagnostics
Have multilayered dry slide reagents, and they do not require sample and reagent mixing because samples need only to flow through the reagent layers.
Vitros-Orthoclinical Diagnostics
Utilized as sample containers/stations in the loading zone of the modulaar platforms
Rectangular racks or carousels with sample number codes
Measures only the test required, employs a variety of syringe pipettes to separate samples and reagents.
Discrete Analyzer
Capable of running multiple tests one sample at a time
Discrete Analyzer
Layer that is point of contact with the sample
Spreading Layer
