Unit 4, Chapter 10: The Digestive System

Question 1

What are the three main fluid compartments

Answer 1

Intercellular fluid(cytoplasm inside cells), Interstitial fluid(fluid between cells), Extracellular fluid(fluid in the blood)
These fluids are mostly water, and move freely in and out of the cell in both directions.

Question 2

Define Macromolecule

Answer 2

A very large molecule made up of smaller molecules that are linked together

Question 3

Define Metabolism

Answer 3

The sum total of all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism

Question 4

Define Essential nutrient

Answer 4

A nutrient that cannot be made by the body, and must therefore be obtained by food

Question 5

Define Monosaccharide

Answer 5

A simple sugar with three to seven carbon atoms

Question 6

Define Disaccharide

Answer 6

A sugar made up of two monosaccharide molecules

Question 7

Define Polysaccharide

Answer 7

A large molecule made up of many linked monosaccharide molecules

Question 8

Define Glycogen

Answer 8

A polysaccharide made up of glucose units

Question 9

Define Lipid

Answer 9

An organic compound that does not dissolve in water, such as fat and oil

Question 10

Define Amino acid

Answer 10

A building block of protein

Question 11

Define Peptide bond

Answer 11

A bond that holds together the amino acids in a protein

Question 12

Define Polypeptide

Answer 12

A linear chain of several amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Question 13

Define Hydrolysis

Answer 13

A chemical reaction in which water breaks apart macromolecules into smaller molecules

Question 14

Define Enzyme

Answer 14

A protein molecule that helps speed up important chemical reactions in the body

Question 15

What are minerals and vitamins? What is their purpose?

Answer 15

Minerals and vitamins are inorganic and organic substances that enable chemical reactions to occur and aid in tissue development, growth, and immunity.

Question 16

What is the function of the mineral calcium (Ca) in the body?

Answer 16

• Forming bone
• Conducting nerve signals
• Contracting muscle
• Clotting blood

Question 17

What is the function of the mineral iron (Fe) in the body?

Answer 17

• Producing hemoglobin

Question 18

What is the function of the mineral magnesium (Mg) in the body?

Answer 18

• Supporting enzyme functions

- Producing protein

Question 19

What is the function of the mineral potassium (K) in the body?

Answer 19

• Conducting nerve signals

- Contracting muscle

Question 20

What is the function of the mineral sodium (Na) in the body?

Answer 20

• Conducting nerve signals

- Balancing body fluid

Question 21

What is the function of vitamin A (Carotene) in the body?

Answer 21

• Good vision

- Healthy skin and bones

Question 22

What is the function of vitamin B1 (Thiamine) in the body?

Answer 22

• Metabolizing carbohydrates

- Growth and muscle tone

Question 23

What is the function of vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) in the body?

Answer 23

• Healthy bones, teeth, gums, and blood vessels

- Boosting immune system

Question 24

What is the function of vitamin D in the body?

Answer 24

• Absorbing calcium

- Forming bone

Question 25

What is the function of vitamin E in the body?

Answer 25

• Strengthening red blood cell membranes

Question 26

Example of a source of calcium:

Answer 26

Dairy products

Question 27

Example of a source of iron:

Answer 27

Red meat

Question 28

Example of a source of magnesium:

Answer 28

Dark, leafy greens

Question 29

Example of a source of potassium:

Answer 29

Grains

Question 30

Example of a source of sodium:

Answer 30

Salt

Question 31

Example of a source of vitamin A:

Answer 31

Fruit

Question 32

Example of a source of vitamin B1:

Answer 32

Beans

Question 33

Example of a source of vitamin C:

Answer 33

Fruit

Question 34

Example of a source of vitamin D:

Answer 34

Fish

Question 35

Example of a source of vitamin E:

Answer 35

Fruit

Question 36

What are the roles of water in the body?

Answer 36

• Transporting dissolved nutrients into the cells that line the small intestine
• Flushing toxins from cells
• Lubricating tissues and joints
• Forming essential body fluids, such as blood and mucus
• Regulating body temperature (by sweating)
• Eliminating waste materials (in urine and sweat)
  Water is vital for maintaining the body’s fluid balance, the condition in which the amount of fluid lost from the body equals the amount of fluid taken in. A constant supply of water is needed to replenish the fluid lost to normal, daily bodily functions. An average adult produces 1.5 Litres of urine per day and loses about 1 litre of water through breath, perspiration, urine, and bowel movements.

Question 37

What is a filter feeder?

Answer 37

Filter feeders are aquatic animals that use a body structure similar to a filter basket to gather organisms, such as protists, bacteria, and the larvae of many aquatic animals, suspended in the surrounding water. The Filter feeder siphons water into is mouth and then filters it to obtain small organisms to digest. The tube sponge is a filter feeder.

Question 38

What is a substrate feeder?

Answer 38

Substrate feeders live in or on their food source and eat their way through it. Caterpillars and earthworms are substrate feeders.

Question 39

What is a fluid feeder?

Answer 39

Fluid feeders obtain food by sucking or licking nutrient-rich fluids from live plants or animals. Fluid feeders have mouth parts that are adapted to pierce or rip skin or leaf tissue. The same or other mouth parts are used to suck or lick the blood or sap that is their food. Mosquitos are fluid feeders.

Question 40

What is a bulk feeder?

Answer 40

Bulk feeders include many animals and most vertebrates. Bulk feeders ingest fairly large pieces of food and some, like the great blue heron, swallow their food whole. Other bulk feeders use tentacles, pincers, claws, fangs, or jaws and teeth to kill prey, to tear off pieces of meat or vegetation, or to take in mouthfuls of animal or plant food.

Question 41

The essential function of the digestive system is to _________ food into ____, soluble units that can ______________________. The digestive system ___________ food into useful substances that can be absorbed into the _______ system. The _________ system transports these substances to the individual cells of the body.

Answer 41

The essential function of the digestive system is to breakdown food into small, soluble units that can pass through cell membranes. The digestive system breaks down food into useful substances that can be absorbed into the circulatory system. The circulatory system transports these substances to the individual cells of the body.

Question 42

The four stages of food processing in animals are _______, ________ (mechanical and chemical), ________, and __________.

Answer 42

The four stages of food processing in animals are ingestion, digestion (mechanical and chemical), absorption, and elimination.

Question 43

What is Ingestion and what stage of food processing is it?

Answer 43

Ingestion is the taking in or eating of food. Stage 1.

Question 44

What is Absorption and what stage of food processing is it?

Answer 44

Absorption is the transport of the products of digestion from the digestive system into the circulatory system, which distributes them to the rest of the body. Stage 3.

Question 45

What is Digestion and what stage of food processing is it?

Answer 45

Digestion is the breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical processes into molecules small enough for cells of the body to absorb. Stage 2.

Question 46

What is Elimination and what stage of food processing is it?

Answer 46

Elimination is the removal of undigested solid waste matter from the body. Stage 4.

Question 47

Define Alimentary canal

Answer 47

The tube through which food is processed, beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus; also known as the digestive tract

Question 48

Define Mechanical digestion

Answer 48

The physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces in the mouth by the action of teeth, beak, or other similar structures, and by contractions and churning motions in the stomach

Question 49

Define Chemical digestion

Answer 49

The chemical breakdown of nutrient molecules into smaller molecules by enzyme action

Question 50

Define Chemical digestion

Answer 50

The chemical breakdown of nutrient molecules into smaller molecules by enzyme action

Question 51

Why does the length of the digestive tract vary in animals?

Answer 51

Herbivores and omnivores usually have longer digestive tracts, relative to their body size, than carnivores. Because the cellulose walls in plant tissue are more difficult to digest than animal tissues, most herbivores have relatively longer digestive tracts, which allows the extra time needed for digestion.

Question 52

Carbohydrate structure

Answer 52

Always contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen–always in the same proportion: two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen for every atom of carbon.

Question 53

Macromolecules are often grouped into four major categories: __________, _____ (such as fats), _______, and _________. ______ released from these macromolecules, and ______ supplied by them, is used to maintain the body’s ________.

Answer 53

Macromolecules are often grouped into four major categories: carbohydrates, lipids (such as fats), proteins, and nucleic acids. Energy released from these macromolecules, and matter supplied by them, is used to maintain the body’s metabolism.

Question 54

Carbohydrate functions

Answer 54

• Provide materials to build cell membranes

- Provide quick energy for use by cells

Question 55

Lipid Structure

Answer 55

Basic structure of lipids is a molecule of glycerol (an alcohol) consisting of three carbon atoms, each attached to a fatty acid chain (an acid with a long tail of carbon and hydrogen atoms).

Question 56

Lipid functions

Answer 56

• Store energy reserves for later use by cells
• Cushion and insulate internal organs
• Provide materials to build cell membranes

Question 57

What are Phospholipids?

Answer 57

Phospholipids are lipids that form the membrane that separates a cell from its external environment

Question 58

Protein structure

Answer 58

Most protein molecules are made up of hundreds of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds into one or more chains.

Question 59

Protein functions

Answer 59

• Provide structure and support for blood cells, body tissues, and muscles
• Aid in muscle movements, such as contraction
• Act as catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in the cells
• Provide immunity against infections and disease
• Transport ions in cell membranes

Question 60

Nucleic acid functions

Answer 60

• Contain the organisms’ genetic information

- Direct the organism’s growth

Question 61

Examples of the carbohydrate macromolecule

Answer 61

Glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, starch, glycogen, cellulose

Question 62

Examples of the lipid macromolecule

Answer 62

fats, oils, waxes

Question 63

Examples of the protein macromolecule

Answer 63

Insulin, hemoglobin, collagen, antibodies, enzymes

Question 64

Examples of the nucleic acid macromolecule

Answer 64

The two types of nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Question 65

During ________, a water molecule is added to the macromolecule (the __________, ______, or ____); this breaks the chemical bonds that hold together the smaller molecules from which the macromolecule is made. After _________, the smaller molecules can be absorbed by cells lining the ___________.

Answer 65

During hydrolysis, a water molecule is added to the macromolecule (the carbohydrate, protein, or lipid); this breaks the chemical bonds that hold together the smaller molecules from which the macromolecule is made. After hydrolysis, the smaller molecules can be absorbed by cells lining the small intestine.

Question 66

______________ help speed up the process of hydrolysis. _________ act as catalysts, which are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being used up in the reactions. _______ are secreted by cells in the digestive tract.

Answer 66

Digestive enzymes help speed up the process of hydrolysis. Enzymes act as catalysts, which are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being used up in the reactions. Enzymes are secreted by cells in the digestive tract.

Question 67

Type of Enzyme: ____________
Macromolecule it breaks down: Carbohydrate
Product of breakdown: Simple sugars
Example of Enzyme and where it functions: Amylase - produced in the salivary glands and functions in the mouth

Answer 67

Type of Enzyme: Carbohydrase
Macromolecule it breaks down: Carbohydrate
Product of breakdown: Simple sugars
Example of Enzyme and where it functions: Amylase - produced in the salivary glands and functions in the mouth

Question 68

Type of Enzyme: ________
Macromolecule it breaks down: Lipid
Product of breakdown: Glycerol (an alcohol) and fatty acids
Example of Enzyme and where it functions: Pancreatic lipase - produced in the pancreas and functions in the small intestine

Answer 68

Type of Enzyme: Lipase
Macromolecule it breaks down: Lipid
Product of breakdown: Glycerol (an alcohol) and fatty acids
Example of Enzyme and where it functions: Pancreatic lipase - produced in the pancreas and functions in the small intestine

Question 69

Type of Enzyme: __________
Macromolecule it breaks down: Protein
Product of breakdown: Amino acids
Example of Enzyme and where it functions: Pepsin - produced by stomach glands and functions in the stomach

Answer 69

Type of Enzyme: Protease
Macromolecule it breaks down: Protein
Product of breakdown: Amino acids
Example of Enzyme and where it functions: Pepsin - produced by stomach glands and functions in the stomach

Question 70

Type of Enzyme: __________
Macromolecule it breaks down: Nucleic acid
Product of breakdown: Nucleotides
Example of Enzyme and where it functions: Pancreatic nuclease - produced in the pancreas and functions in the small intestine

Answer 70

Type of Enzyme: Nuclease
Macromolecule it breaks down: Nucleic acid
Product of breakdown: Nucleotides
Example of Enzyme and where it functions: Pancreatic nuclease - produced in the pancreas and functions in the small intestine

Question 71

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?

Answer 71

Carbohydrates serve as short-term or long-term energy storage in the body.

Question 72

What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide? Give an example of each.

Answer 72

Monosaccharides are single-unit sugars, such as glucose. Disaccharides are formed by a bond between two monosaccharides; an example of a disaccharides is sucrose.

Question 73

Explain how macromolecules are broken down for use in the body.

Answer 73

Macromolecules are broken down into smaller molecules by digestive enzymes, which speed up the process of hydrolysis.

Question 74

If an athlete runs for 15 minutes, which macromolecules are likely to break down first in the athletes body?

Answer 74

Carbohydrates

Question 75

Which macromolecules would provide the greatest benefit as a long-term energy storage molecule to a bird that migrates long distances?

Answer 75

Lipids

Question 76

Name three of the functions of proteins in the human body.

Answer 76

• Provide structure and support for blood cells, body tissues, and muscles
• Aid in muscle movements, such as contraction
• Act as catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in the cells
• Provide immunity against infections and disease
• Transport ions in cell membranes
• Enable cells to respond to chemical stimuli

Question 77

Define Salivary glands

Answer 77

Glands in the mouth that produce saliva to begin the chemical digestion of food

Question 78

Define Saliva

Answer 78

A watery secretion in the mouth that begins the digestive process

Question 79

Chemical digestion begins with _____. ______ contains an enzyme called amylase that starts to break down the starches in food into ___________. ______ dissolves water-soluble food particles. It stimulates the taste buds, making it possible to taste the flavours of the food. It also lubricates the food to make it easier to swallow. __________ also begins in the mouth as your teeth bite, tear, and grind food into smaller pieces. This mechanical action also exposes more of the __________ of the food to the _____, making it more accessible for chemical digestion.

Answer 79

Chemical digestion begins with saliva. Saliva contains an enzyme called amylase that starts to break down the starches in food into simpler sugars. Saliva dissolves water-soluble food particles. It stimulates the taste buds, making it possible to taste the flavours of the food. It also lubricates the food to make it easier to swallow. Mechanical digestion also begins in the mouth as your teeth bite, tear, and grind food into smaller pieces. This mechanical action also exposes more of the surface area of the food to the saliva, making it more accessible for chemical digestion.

Question 80

Define Esophagus

Answer 80

The muscular tube through which food passes from the mouth to the stomach

Question 81

Define Peristalsis

Answer 81

A wave-like series of muscular contractions in the esophagus

Question 82

As you chew your food, your tongue helps mould and smooth it into a soft mass, called a ______, that the tongue then pushes to the back of your mouth. When you swallow, the ______ enters the top of the ________ to begin its passage to your stomach. To prevent food from going down the wrong tube and choking you when you swallow, the opening of the trachea is closed by a valve called the _______ when you swallow.

Answer 82

As you chew your food, your tongue helps mould and smooth it into a soft mass, called a bolus, that the tongue then pushes to the back of your mouth. When you swallow, the bolus enters the top of the esophagus to begin its passage to your stomach. To prevent food from going down the wrong tube and choking you when you swallow, the opening of the trachea is closed by a valve called the epiglottis when you swallow.

Question 83

The ________ is a hollow muscular tube that transports each _____ of food to the stomach in a series of wave-like muscular contractions called ________. Glands in the lining of the ________ produce ______, which keeps the passage moist and aids in swallowing. The entrance to the stomach is controlled by a ring of muscle called the ______________. This _________ is normally closed to prevent the acid contents of the stomach from backing up into the ________, but it relaxes to allow each _____ of food to enter the stomach.

Answer 83

The esophagus is a hollow muscular tube that transports each bolus of food to the stomach in a series of wave-like muscular contractions called peristalsis. Glands in the lining of he esophagus produce mucus, which keeps the passage moist and aids in swallowing. The entrance to the stomach is controlled by a ring of muscle called the esophageal sphincter. This sphincter is normally closed to prevent the acid contents of the stomach from backing up into the esophagus, but it relaxes to allow each bolus of food to enter the stomach.

Question 84

The _______ is a ________, J-shaped organ in which food is temporarily stored while further chemical and mechanical digestion takes place. This organ lies on the left side of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm, which is the sheet of muscle that separates the heart, lungs, and ribs from the abdominal cavity. The walls of the ______ are folded like an accordion, allowing the ________ to _______ and ________ as it fills with food and then empties its contents into the small intestine. The _______ is lined with millions of gastric glands that secrete gastric juice when stimulated by the presence of food. The _______ coats the walls of the ______, protecting it from attack by the strongly acidic gastric juice. The rest of the gastric juice continues the chemical digestion of food.

Answer 84

The stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ in which food is temporarily stored while further chemical and mechanical digestion takes place. This organ lies on the left side of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm, which is the sheet of muscle that separates the heart, lungs, and ribs from the abdominal cavity. The walls of the stomach are folded like an accordion, allowing the stomach to expand and contract as it fills with food and then empties its contents into the small intestine. The stomach is lined with millions of gastric glands that secrete gastric juice when stimulated by the presence of food. The mucus coats the walls of the stomach, protecting it from attack by the strongly acidic gastric juice. The rest of the gastric juice continues the chemical digestion of food.

Question 85

Define Gastric juice

Answer 85

A mixture of hydrochloric acid, salts, enzymes, water, and mucus that is produced by glands in the stomach to help digest food.

Question 86

The stomach has ___________ of muscle fibres that contract and then relax to churn and _________ break up pieces of food and mix them with the __________. The result of this churning and mixing is a thick liquid called _______. At the lower end of the stomach is a muscular valve called the ___________. When closed, this valve keeps food in the stomach.

Answer 86

The stomach has three layers of muscle fibres that contract and then relax to churn and mechanically break up pieces of food and mix them with the gastric juice. The result of this churning and mixing is a thick liquid called chyme. At the lower end of the stomach is a muscular valve called the pyloric sphincter. When closed, this valve keeps food in the stomach.

Question 87

Define Chyme

Answer 87

A thick liquid produced in the stomach and made of digested food combined with gastric juice

Question 88

Define Pepsin

Answer 88

An enzyme in gastric juice that helps break down proteins into polypeptides

Question 89

The stomach usually does not digest the proteins that make up its own cells, because it has three methods of protection. First, the stomach __________________ until food is present. Second, some stomach cells ___________, which prevents gastric juice from harming the cells of the stomach lining. Third, the stomach produces its protein-digesting enzyme, _______, in a form that remains _______ until hydrochloric acid is present. Once active, ________ hydrolyzes proteins to yield _________ – a first step in protein digestion in the digestive tract.

Answer 89

The stomach usually does not digest the proteins that make up its own cells, because it has three methods of protection. First, the stomach secretes little gastric juice until food is present. Second, some stomach cells secrete mucus, which prevents gastric juice from harming the cells of the stomach lining. Third, the stomach produces its protein-digesting enzyme, pepsin, in a form that remains inactive until hydrochloric acid is present. Once active, pepsin hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides – a first step in protein digestion in the digestive tract.

Question 90

The network of nerves surrounding the stomach initiate contractions that release partially digested food into the small intestine. When the small intestine is full and still digesting food, the stomach temporarily stores the _____. When processed food has moved out of the small intestine into the large intestine, the pyloric sphincter opens and the stomach pushes ______ into the first part of the small intestine – the ________.

Answer 90

The network of nerves surrounding the stomach initiate contractions that release partially digested food into the small intestine. When the small intestine is full and still digesting food, the stomach temporarily stores the chyme. When processed food has moved out of the small intestine into the large intestine, the pyloric sphincter opens and the stomach pushes chyme into the first part of the small intestine – the duodenum.

Question 91

The small intestine is the part of the _________ canal in which digestion is completed–that is, the nutrient macromolecules are finally broken down into their component molecules. The nutrients are then absorbed through the _________ of the cells that line the small intestine, and they pass rom the digestive system into the _________ system. The __________ system carries the nutrients to cells and tissues throughout the rest of the body.

Answer 91

The small intestine is the part of the alimentary canal in which digestion is completed–that is, the nutrient macromolecules are finally broken down into their component molecules. The nutrients are then absorbed through the membranes of the cells that line the small intestine, and they pass rom the digestive system into the circulatory system. The circulatory system carries the nutrients to cells and tissues throughout the rest of the body.

Question 92

Define Duodenum

Answer 92

A short, wide U-shaped section of the small intestine into which food passes from the stomach

Question 93

Define Villi

Answer 93

Finger-like projections lining the surface of the small intestine that increase the surface area to improve the absorption of nutrients

Question 94

The small intestine looks like a long, folded tube divided into three main regions. The first region after the stomach is the U-shaped ________. To speed up the process of absorption, the walls of the small intestine are lined by folds that greatly increase the surface area through which nutrients can be absorbed. The folds are covered by tiny, finger-like projections called ______. Each villus, in turn, is covered with many fine brush-like ________. As food passes through the _______, it receives secretions from two organs that support the functions of the digestive system: the pancreas and gall bladder.

Answer 94

The small intestine looks like a long, folded tube divided into three main regions. The first region after the stomach is the U-shaped duodenum. To speed up the process of absorption, the walls of the small intestine are lined by folds that greatly increase the surface area through which nutrients can be absorbed. The folds are covered by tiny, finger-like projections called villi. Each villus, in turn, is covered with many fine brush-like microvilli. As food passes through the duodenum, it receives secretions from two organs that support the functions of the digestive system: the pancreas and gall bladder.

Question 95

Define Jejunum

Answer 95

The portion of the small intestine that follows immediately after the duodenum

Question 96

Define Ileum

Answer 96

The portion of the small intestine that follows immediately after the jejunum

Question 97

Define Bile

Answer 97

A greenish-yellow fluid secreted by the liver that helps digest fat

Question 98

Following the duodenum is a structure called the _____:
about ____ long and contains more folds than the duodenum. The jejunum breaks down the remaining proteins and carbohydrates so the end products can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Answer 98

Following the duodenum is a structure called the jejunum, which is about 2.5 m long and contains more folds than the duodenum. The jejunum breaks down the remaining proteins and carbohydrates so the end products can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Question 99

The _____, which is about ____ long, contains fewer and smaller villi that either the duodenum or the jejunum. Its function is also to absorb nutrients, as well as to push the remaining undigested material into the __________.

Answer 99

The ileum, which is about 3 m long, contains fewer and smaller villi that either the duodenum or the jejunum. Its function is also to absorb nutrients, as well as to push the remaining undigested material into the large intestine.

Question 100

The _______ and _________ are not part of the alimentary canal itself, but they are connected to the canal by ducts. Because of this close association with the alimentary canal, the _______ and _________ are referred to as accessory organs. ______ produced by the accessory organs are essential to the process of digestion.

Answer 100

The pancreas and gall bladder are not part of the alimentary canal itself, but they are connected to the canal by ducts. Because of this close association with the alimentary canal, the pancreas and gall bladder are referred to as accessory organs. Fluids produced by the accessory organs are essential to the process of digestion.

Question 101

In an adult human, the pancreas secretes about ___ of pancreatic fluid into the duodenum each day. Pancreatic fluid contains numerous ________ that chemically digest _________________________. The fluid also contains _________, which is very important to the function of enzymes. The __________ alters the pH of chyme from strongly acidic to weakly basic, thereby producing conditions in which ________ in the pancreatic fluid can work most efficiently.

Answer 101

In an adult human, the pancreas secretes about 1 L of pancreatic fluid into the duodenum each day. Pancreatic fluid contains numerous enzymes that chemically digest carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. The fluid also contains bicarbonate, which is very important to the function of enzymes. The bicarbonate alters the pH of chyme from strongly acidic to weakly basic, thereby producing conditions in which enzymes in the pancreatic fluid can work most efficiently.

Question 102

The ____ is the largest internal organ in the human body. In and adult, it is the size of a football, with a mass of about 1.5 kg. The main digestion-related secretion of the ____ is ___, a greenish-yellow fluid mixture that is made up of bile pigments and bile salts. Bile pigments do not take part in digestion. They are waste products from the _____’s destruction of old red blood cells, and they are eventually eliminated with feces.

Answer 102

The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body. In and adult, it is the size of a football, with a mass of about 1.5 kg. The main digestion-related secretion of the liver is bile, a greenish-yellow fluid mixture that is made up of bile pigments and bile salts. Bile pigments do not take art in digestion. They are waste products from the liver’s destruction of old red blood cells, and they are eventually eliminated with feces.

Question 103

After ____ is produced in the liver, it is sent to the gall bladder, which stores the ____ between meals. _____ contains ____ salts that are essential for the digestion of fats. Because fats are insoluble in water, they are suspended in _____ as small droplets. ____ salts physically break up the fat droplets into smaller fat droplets, and suspending the smaller fat droplets so they can disperse throughout the ______. The many smaller fat droplets create a greater surface area to be exposed for digestive enzymes to chemically break down the fats in the small intestine: this makes it easier for the intestinal cells to absorb the fats.

Answer 103

After bile is produced in the liver, it is sent to the gall bladder, which stores the bile between meals. Bile contains bile salts that are essential for the digestion of fats. Because fats are insoluble in water, they are suspended in chyme as small droplets. Bile salts physically break up the fat droplets into smaller fat droplets, and suspending the smaller fat droplets so they can disperse throughout the chyme. The many smaller fat droplets create a greater surface area to be exposed for digestive enzymes to chemically break down the fats in the small intestine: this makes it easier for the intestinal cells to absorb the fats.

Question 104

The ____ and __________ fluid in the duodenum help break down carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into cells that lines the small intestine. Enzymatic digestion of macromolecules is performed by carbohydrases (which digest __________), lipase (which digests ____, proteases (which digest larger __________), and nucleases (which digest ________).

Answer 104

The bile and pancreatic fluid in the duodenum help break down carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into cells that lines the small intestine. Enzymatic digestion of macromolecules is performed by carbohydrases (which digest carbohydrates), lipase (which digests fats), proteases (which digest larger polypeptides), and nucleases (which digest nucleic acids).

Question 105

Two factors, __________ and __, can affect the rate at which an enzyme functions to break down complex molecules. More energy is added at higher _________, so the enzyme activity _______. The chemical bonds become too weak to maintain the enzyme’s shape. The enzyme becomes denatured, meaning that its molecular shape and structure are changed. For most human enzymes, the optimal temperature range is fairly narrow, peaking at about 37°C. Enzymes function best within an optimal __ range. Some human enzymes, such as pepsin, function best at low __. Pepsin is found in the acidic environment inside the stomach. However, most human enzymes, such as trypsin, function best in pH environments of about pH 6 to 8. Trypsin is found in the more neutral environments of the small intestine.

Answer 105

Two factors, temperature and pH, can affect the rate at which an enzyme functions to break down complex molecules. More energy is added at higher temperatures, so the enzyme activity increases. The chemical bonds become too weak to maintain the enzyme’s shape. The enzyme becomes denatured, meaning that its molecular shape and structure are changed. For most human enzymes, the optimal temperature range is fairly narrow, peaking at about 37°C. Enzymes function best within an optimal pH range. Some human enzymes, such as pepsin, function best at low pH. Pepsin is found in the acidic environment inside the stomach. However, most human enzymes, such as trypsin, function best in pH environments of about pH 6 to 8. Trypsin is found in the more neutral environments of the small intestine.

Question 106

Monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream through the lining of the small intestine. They are transported to the liver, where monosaccharides (other than glucose) are converted into glucose. Glucose is carried from the liver to all the parts of the body by the circulatory system, and is used by cells as a source of energy. The liver converts excess glucose into glycogen, which can temporarily stored in the liver and, in much smaller amounts, in muscles. When the body needs additional energy, some of the stored glycogen is converted back to glucose.

Answer 106

Monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream through the lining of the small intestine. They are transported to the liver, where monosaccharides (other than glucose) are converted into glucose. Glucose is carried from the liver to all the parts of the body by the circulatory system, and is used by cells as a source of energy. The liver converts excess glucose into glycogen, which can temporarily stored in the liver and, in much smaller amounts, in muscles. When the body needs additional energy, some of the stored glycogen is converted back to glucose.

Question 107

Like monosaccharides, amino acids are carried by the bloodstream form the small intestine directly to the liver. In the liver, amino acids are processed by various reactions and either converted into sugars or used in energy-releasing chemical reactions. Some of the amino acids resulting from these reactions undergo a series of further transformations in the liver, and become a part of a nitrogen-rich waste called urea. Urea is filtered by the excretory system and expelled from the body in urine. Other amino acids are carried by the circulatory system to the cells of the body.

Answer 107

Like monosaccharides, amino acids are carried by the bloodstream form the small intestine directly to the liver. In the liver, amino acids are processed by various reactions and either converted into sugars or used in energy-releasing chemical reactions. Some of the amino acids resulting from these reactions undergo a series of further transformations in the liver, and become a part of a nitrogen-rich waste called urea. Urea is filtered by the excretory system and expelled from the body in urine. Other amino acids are carried by the circulatory system to the cells of the body.

Question 108

Glycerol and fatty acid molecules are absorbed into the cells of the small intestine, where they are reassembled to form triglycerides. The triglycerides are coated with proteins to make them water-soluble. Protein-coated triglycerides pass from the cells of the small intestine into a network of vessels that transfer them into the bloodstream. In the blood, the protein coating is removed and the triglycerides are broken down by lipase enzymes back to glycerol and fatty acids. The smaller molecules provide energy to the cells.

Answer 108

Glycerol and fatty acid molecules are absorbed into the cells of the small intestine, where they are reassembled to form triglycerides. The triglycerides are coated with proteins to make them water-soluble. Protein-coated triglycerides pass from the cells of the small intestine into a network of vessels that transfer them into the bloodstream. In the blood, the protein coating is removed and the triglycerides are broken down by lipase enzymes back to glycerol and fatty acids. The smaller molecules provide energy to the cells.

Question 109

After the nutrients in digested food have been absorbed from the small intestine into the bloodstream, the remaining material moves into the large intestine, or colon. This part of the digestive system is much shorter and wider than the small intestine. The main function of the large intestine is to absorb water from the alimentary canal. About 90% of the water is absorbed back into the blood and extra-cellular fluids. The volume of the indigestible food matter is therefor reduced by about two thirds.

Answer 109

After the nutrients in digested food have been absorbed from the small intestine into the bloodstream, the remaining material moves into the large intestine, or colon. This part of the digestive system is much shorter and wider than the small intestine. The main function of the large intestine is to absorb water from the alimentary canal. About 90% of the water is absorbed back into the blood and extra-cellular fluids. The volume of the indigestible food matter is therefor reduced by about two thirds.

Question 110

Billions of anaerobic bacteria in the colon break down undigested matter further. Some of these bacteria produce important vitamins, including folic acid, several B vitamins, and vitamin K, which are absorbed into the bloodstream through the colon. The leftover matter forms feces, which are pushed by the muscular contractions of the colon into the rectum. The rectum stores the feces until they are eliminated at the anus.

Answer 110

Billions of anaerobic bacteria in the colon break down undigested matter further. Some of these bacteria produce important vitamins, including folic acid, several B vitamins, and vitamin K, which are absorbed into the bloodstream through the colon. The leftover matter forms feces, which are pushed by the muscular contractions of the colon into the rectum. The rectum stores the feces until they are eliminated at the anus.

Question 111

Define Peptic ulcer

Answer 111

A sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, most commonly caused by infections with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.

Question 112

Peptic ulcer symptoms:

Answer 112

Peptic ulcer symptoms:

• abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and loss of appetite
• Helicobacter pylori attaches themselves to the all of the digestive tract and prevents it from producing mucus.
• Exposed unprotected tissue comes in contact with acidic gastric juice.

Question 113

Peptic ulcer treatment:

Answer 113

Peptic ulcer treatment:
Because ulcers are caused by a bacterium, they can be treated with antibiotics that kill the bacteria. Along with antibiotics, doctors also prescribe medications that reduce acidity in the stomach. Treatment may also include lifestyle changes, such as losing weight if overweight, including alcohol and not smoking.

Question 114

Define Inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 114

The general name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation in the intestines

Question 115

IBD symptoms:

Answer 115

IBD symptoms:

• Inflammation of the intestines
• long lasting and reoccurring
• pain and inflammation

Question 116

IBD treatment:

Answer 116

IBD treatment:

• IBD can only be treated – not cured – by a special diet and by taking medication to reduce pain and inflammation.
• In severe cases of IBD, it may be necessary for surgeons to remove the affected part of the colon and create a new external opening for digestive waste.

Question 117

Define Crohn’s disease

Answer 117

A form of inflammatory disease that can affect any part of the alimentary canal from the mouth to anus

Question 118

Crohn’s disease symptoms:

Answer 118

Crohn’s disease symptoms:

• Children with Crohn’s disease generally do not grow properly during puberty.
• They develop thinner bones that increase the future risk of fractures, and they experience poor muscle development.

Question 119

Define Ulcerative colitis

Answer 119

A form of inflammatory disease that attacks the colon

Question 120

Ulcerative colitis symptoms:

Answer 120

Ulcerative colitis symptoms:

- Loose and bloody stools, cramps, and abdominal pain.

Question 121

Inflammatory bowel disease is a general name for a group of diseases that cause _________ of the intestines.
Crohn’s disease is a form of IBD that can affect any part of the alimentary canal from _____________.
Ulcerative colitis is a form of IBD that attacks the _____.

Answer 121

Inflammatory bowel disease is a general name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation of the intestines.
Crohn’s disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the alimentary canal from mouth to anus.
Ulcerative colitis is a form of inflammatory bowel disease that attacks the colon.

Question 122

Define Constipation

Answer 122

Constipation is a common disorder of the digestive system in which bowel movements are reduced to three per week or less and stools are dry, small, and difficult to eliminate.

Question 123

Constipation can be caused by inadequate ___________ and lack of good _____ and _______ function in the bowel. An unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity can also cause constipation.

Answer 123

Constipation can be caused by inadequate water intake and lack of good nerve ad muscle function in the bowel. An unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity can also cause constipation.

Question 124

Constipation treatment

Answer 124

The bulk and soft texture of fibre helps prevent constipation. Most dietary fibre is made up of cellulose, which humans are unable to digest, and passes through the body almost unchanged. Fibrous foods: whole grain bread, brown rice, oats, beans, peas, lentils, grains seeds, some fruits, and vegetables.

Question 125

Define Hepatitis

Answer 125

Inflammation of the liver, most commonly caused by a virus

Question 126

Hepatitis symptoms:

Answer 126

Hepatitis symptoms:

inflammation of the liver

Question 127

Hepatitis A is usually contracted from drinking _______________.
Hepatitis B is spread by ___________ but there is a ________ to protect against it.
Hepatitis C is usually contracted by contact with _____________. There is no _______ for hepatitis C.

Answer 127

Hepatitis A is usually contracted from drinking contaminated water.
Hepatitis B is spread by sexual contact but there is a vaccine to protect against it.
Hepatitis C is usually contracted by contact with infected blood. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C.

Question 128

Define Cirrhosis

Answer 128

The irreversible replacement of healthy liver tissue with non-functioning scar tissue; most commonly caused by excessive alcohol intake or hepatitis.

Question 129

Cirrhosis Symptoms

Answer 129

• Scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue and prevents the liver from functioning properly.
• few symptoms in early stages
• Liver becoming fatty – early warning sign

Question 130

Cirrhosis treatment

Answer 130

Liver transplant is primary treatment for liver failure.
Liver has the ability to heal itself, but in many cases there is not enough regeneration to avoid liver failure.
Blood test can determine if liver is becoming fatty.

Question 131

Define Gall Stones

Answer 131

Small hard masses that form in the gall bladder

Question 132

Gall Stone symptoms

Answer 132

Cholesterol precipitates out of bile and forms crystals
Crystals grow and become gallstones
Related factors: obesity, alcohol intake, and heredity

Question 133

Gall stone treatment

Answer 133

Treated w/ medications or w/ ultrasound shockwave to disintegrate the stones so that they can be passed out in the urine.
Cholesterol in the gall bladder can be lowered by losing weight, increasing the intake of omega-3 fatty acids, and decreasing the size of meals.
The gall bladder may need to be surgically removed if gallstones are serious.

Question 134

a. Constipation is a condition in which bowel movements are ______________. It can be caused by inadequate __________, inadequate ____ in the diet, and lack of good _____________ function in the bowel.
b. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the _____ caused by contaminated drinking water (Hep _), through sexual contact (Hep _), or contact with infected blood (Hep _).
c. Cirrhosis is a chronic disease in which ____ tissue replaces _________ tissue and the liver ceases to function properly. Cirrhosis is most commonly caused by chronic ________________.

Answer 134

a. Constipation is a condition in which bowel movements are infrequent and strained. It can be caused by inadequate water intake, inadequate fibre in the diet, and lack of good muscle and nerve function in the bowel.
b. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by contaminated drinking water (Hep A), through sexual contact (Hep B), or contact with infected blood (Hep C).
c. Cirrhosis is a chronic disease in which scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue and the liver ceases to function properly. Cirrhosis is most commonly caused by chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C.

Question 135

• An ________ is a medical device with a light attached, used to look inside a body cavity or organ
• It is a _________ method to confirm medical problems
• Other attachments that can be fitted to the _________ include a camera; a laser; and tiny forceps.
• The capsule __________ - a tiny camera placed inside a capsule that can be swallowed. - Useful for seeing inside the small intestine.

Answer 135

• An endoscope is a medical device with a light attached, used to look inside a body cavity or organ
• It is a non-invasive method to confirm medical problems
• Other attachments that can be fitted to the endoscope include a camera; a laser; and tiny forceps.
• The capsule endoscope - a tiny camera placed inside a capsule that can be swallowed. - Useful for seeing inside the small intestine.

Question 136

Define Diabetes

Answer 136

A condition in which the body is unable to use glucose for energy

Question 137

• The pancreas secretes _____ that regulates the absorption of glucose from the small intestine; diabetes results when there is insufficient ______ to regulate blood glucose levels.
• Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body cells are unable to use ______ for energy
• Normally, ______ is released from the pancreas, which glucose in the bloodstream to enter the body’s cells
• A person with diabetes cannot produce enough ______ or the body cannot properly use the _______
• Therefore, ______ cannot enter the cells and the blood _______ levels increase to life-threatening levels

Answer 137

• The pancreas secretes insulin that regulates the absorption of glucose from the small intestine; diabetes results when there is insufficient insulin to regulate blood glucose levels.
• Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body cells are unable to use glucose for energy
• Normally, insulin is released from the pancreas, which glucose in the bloodstream to enter the body’s cells
• A person with diabetes cannot produce enough insulin or the body cannot properly use the insulin
• Therefore, glucose cannot enter the cells and the blood glucose levels increase to life-threatening levels

Question 138

Type __
- When either the body does not make enough ______ or it is unable to properly
use the ______ it makes (_______ resistance)
- Often diagnosed in people over the age of 40
- Causes: ________________
- The increased sedentary lifestyle of Canadians has increased the prevalence of Type __ diabetes
- It can be treated/managed
- Improved diet
- Regular exercise/maintaining a healthy weight
- Medications to control blood sugar
- Self-management through lifestyle

Answer 138

• When either the body does not make enough insulin or it is unable to properly
  use the insulin it makes (insulin resistance)
• Often diagnosed in people over the age of 40
• Causes: genetics and lifestyle
• The increased sedentary lifestyle of Canadians has increased the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes
• It can be treated/managed
• Improved diet
• Regular exercise/maintaining a healthy weight
• Medications to control blood sugar
• Self-management through lifestyle

Question 139

___________ Diabetes

• Develops during ________
• Results from pregnancy hormones or inadequate levels of insulin production
• Often ____ when the baby is born

Answer 139

Gestational Diabetes

• Develops during pregnancy
• Results from pregnancy hormones or inadequate levels of insulin production
• Often ends when the baby is born

Question 140

Type __

• Aka “juvenile diabetes” or “insulin-dependent diabetes”
• When insulin-producing cells of the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system and therefore no longer produce insulin
• Most often diagnosed in children, teens, and young adults
• Treated with insulin injections

Answer 140

Type 1

• Aka “juvenile diabetes” or “insulin-dependent diabetes”
• When insulin-producing cells of the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system and therefore no longer produce insulin
• Most often diagnosed in children, teens, and young adults
• Treated with insulin injections

Question 141

In 1922, Canadian scientists _____________ and _________ discovered the connection between insulin and diabetes
Therefore, they demonstrated that insulin injections could help people with diabetes

Answer 141

In 1922, Canadian scientists Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered the connection between insulin and diabetes
Therefore, they demonstrated that insulin injections could help people with diabetes

Question 142

People with diabetes must monitor their blood glucose levels and inject insulin into their bloodstream when it is needed

Answer 142

People with diabetes must monitor their blood glucose levels and inject insulin into their bloodstream when it is needed

Question 143

Genetically engineered human insulin and computerized insulin pumps are some of the technological innovations used in the control and maintenance of blood glucose levels.

Answer 143

Genetically engineered human insulin and computerized insulin pumps are some of the technological innovations used in the control and maintenance of blood glucose levels.