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General chemistry II > Unit 4 (ch 19) > Flashcards

Unit 4 (ch 19) Flashcards

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1
Q

batteries produce energy via

A

spontaneous redox processes

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2
Q

redox chemistry

A

e- gained or lost through reduction and oxidation

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3
Q

oxidation

A

losing e-

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4
Q

reduction

A

gaining e-

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5
Q

something that is oxidized is a

A

reducing agent

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6
Q

electrochemical cells

A

two physically separated half cells

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7
Q

use e red values to determine

A

cell potential

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8
Q

cell potential

A

measure of force pushing e+ from anode to cathode

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9
Q

E cell=

A

E cathode (reduced) - E anode (oxidized)

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10
Q

movement of electrons from anode to cathode produces

A

electrical work

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11
Q

E cell should always be

A

positive

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12
Q

delta G cell

A

welec

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13
Q

welec=

A

nFEcell, moles x faraday x ecell= J

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14
Q

C=

A

n x F

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15
Q

faradays constant

A

9.65x10^4

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16
Q

welec measures

A

energy associated with electrochemical cell

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17
Q

standard hydrogen electrode cathode

A

II H+(1 M) I H2(g), 1atm I Pt

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18
Q

standard hydrogen electrode anode

A

Pt I H2(g), 1atm I H+ (aq, 1 M) II

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19
Q

How can delta G relate to batteries?

A

delta G = -n x F x Ecell

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20
Q

non standard E cell =

A

E cell (standard) - RTlnQ/ (nF)

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21
Q

as Q increases,

A

0.0592 / n log Q also does

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22
Q

increase concentration =

A

increase E red

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23
Q

< 1 M =

A

decreasing E cell

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24
Q

> 1 M =

A

increasing E cell

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25
Q

finding k

A

log k = n x E cell/ (0.0592)

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26
Q

k < 1

A

E cell < 0 (reactants)

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27
Q

k > 1

A

E cell > 0 (products)

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28
Q

how to determine battery capacity

A

w elec = - C x E cell

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29
Q

1 ampere =

A

1 coulomb/second

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30
Q

1 coulomb =

A

1 amp x sec

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31
Q

1 C V =

A

1 J

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32
Q

1 J=

A

1 A x s x V

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33
Q

1 watt =

A

volts x current (J/s)

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34
Q

1 w =

A

1 J/s

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35
Q

1 kw=

A

1000 J/s

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36
Q

1 kw x hr=

A

1000 w x hr

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37
Q

1 watt =

A

1 A x V

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38
Q

Why are batteries important and why would it be good if they were improved?

A
  • power many aspects of our lives

- lighter, higher capacity batteries would increase the efficiency and utility of battery powered devices

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39
Q

voltaic cell

A

energy generated by spontaneous redox processes

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40
Q

electrolytic cell

A

recharging reverses the process

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41
Q

oxidation occurs at the

A

anode

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42
Q

reduction occurs at the

A

cathode

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43
Q

electrochemical reactions consist of

A

two half reactions which must be electrochemically balanced

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44
Q

standard potential of cell is calculated how?

A
  • use standard reduction potentials

- Ecell= Ecathode-Eanode

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45
Q

more positive reduction potential is

A

cathode

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46
Q

movement of electrons from anode to cathode (blank)

A

produces electrical work

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47
Q

what are the standard conditions for E not cell?

A

1 atm and 1 M

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48
Q

E not cell values are not dependent on (blank)

A

stoichiometry

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49
Q

delta G cell

A
  • nFEcell
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50
Q

Delta G cell relates

A

work and free energy of the system

51
Q

moles of electrons (n) is

A

number gained or lost

52
Q

How many moles (n) does this equation have?

A

Cu^2+ +Zn(s)–> Zn2+ + Cu(s)

53
Q

most of our e not cell values are relative to the

A

standard hydrogen electrode

54
Q

if you are at 298 K, Ecell =

A

E not cell - (0.0592 log Q/ n)

55
Q

At equilibrium, logK

A

n E not cell / 0.0592

56
Q

1 C V =

A

1 J

57
Q

1 J =

A

1 AsV

58
Q

1 W=

A

1 J/s

59
Q

1 As =

A

1C

60
Q

what are the conversions of batteries used for

A

determine how long it takes to recharge a battery

61
Q

What are uses of nuclear chemistry?

A
  • energy (fusion and fission)
  • climate science
  • medical scanning (CT and PET)
  • archaeology
  • smoke detectors
  • x- rays
  • food preservation
  • cancer treatments
62
Q

Nuclear chemistry helps us understand

A

how universe began

63
Q

describe neutron stability

A

not stable and decay into proton and electron

64
Q

matter can be transformed to energy (equation)

A

E= mc^2

65
Q

radioactive decay is

A

first order

66
Q

what does it mean by first order?

A

depends only on how many radioactive ions/isotopes we have

67
Q

radioactive decay is measured by

A

half life

68
Q

half life equation

A

n= t/ t 1/2

69
Q

Nt/N0=

A

0.5^ n or 0.5^t/t1/2

70
Q

fusion of nuclei gives

A

larger nuclei, often giving off positrons or other particles in the process

71
Q

positrons

A

are anti-matter and combine with electrons to annihiliate and produce a gamma ray

72
Q

binding energy

A

determine mass difference between starting (proton/neutrons) and final nucleus mass, determine E

73
Q

nucleus held together by

A

strong force

74
Q

when can larger nuclei go through different decay processes

A

if they aren’t stable

75
Q

isotope with higher mass number

A

neutron rich and decay by beta decay

76
Q

beta decay

A

give off electron as neutron converts to proton

77
Q

unstable isotope lighter than stable

A

neutron poor, positron emission or electron capture, more neutrons

78
Q

larger isotopes often go through

A

alpha decay

79
Q

alpha decay

A

alpha particle (helium nucleus) lost

80
Q

After what element are all species radioactive? Why?

A

Bismuth

-repulsive forces between protons too strong

81
Q

how to make bigger nuclei?

A

decay processes, smash nuclei with neutrons or other nuclei

82
Q

how can we make gold?

A

smash nuclei with neutrons or other nuclei to build bigger ones

83
Q

current nuclear energy applications rely (blank)

A

nuclear fission

84
Q

describe nuclear fission

A

235U captures neutron, becomes 236 U, which quickly decomposes to generate other smaller nuclei and neutrons, which keep process going

85
Q

radioactivity is measure in

A

curies (Ci) or becquerels (Bq)

86
Q

rate of decay =

A

A= kN

87
Q

radiometric dating takes advantage of (blank)

A

radioactive isotopes with known half-lives to determine age based on amount of remaining radioactivity

88
Q

what is used to date rocks?

A

235 U

89
Q

what is used to date formerly living things?

A

14 C

90
Q

Why is radiation bad for living things?

A

has lots of energy and can form highly reactive species like hydroxyl radicals with can react with proteins and DNA

91
Q

Ionizing radiation/mass is measured in

A

Grays (Gy)

92
Q

1 Gy=

A

1 J/kg

93
Q

how determine damage related to ionizing radiation

A

Gy(RBE) = Sievert

94
Q

RBE

A

relative biological effectiveness

95
Q

Sievert

A

SI unit for effective dose

96
Q

as energy is transformed into matter, what is formed?

A

unstable things, e= mc^2

97
Q

fusion of hydrogen nuclei to form helium

A

1/1 p + 1/0 n –> 2/1 d
2 2/1 d—> 4/2 alpha
1/1 p + 1/1 p –> 2/1 d + 0/1 B

98
Q

posititrons and electrons (blank) to release huge amounts of energy

A

annihilate each other

99
Q

overall equation of positrons and electrons annihilation

A

4 1/1 p –> 4/2 He + 2 0/1 B

100
Q

4 protons lose mass for form

A

alpha particle

101
Q

mass of stable nucleus (blank) than free nucleons

A

less

102
Q

BE

A

delta m c^2

103
Q

radioactive ones on belt of stability

A

radionuclides

104
Q

above belt of stability

A

neutron rich, beta decay

105
Q

below belt of stability

A

neutron poor, positron emission

106
Q

beta decay

A

gain proton

14/6 C –> 14/7 N + 0/-1 B

107
Q

positron emission

A

10/6 C –> 10/5B +0/1 B

lose proton

108
Q

electron capture

A

11/6 C + 0/-1 B –> 11/5 B
lose proton
written opposite positron

109
Q

alpha decay

A

234/92 U –> 4/2 alpha + 230/90 Th

subtract 4 and 2

110
Q

after 83 protons, all species are

A

radioactive

111
Q

nuclei with (blank) tend to be more stable

A

even # protons and neutrons

112
Q

nuclear fission involves

A

decomposition of U nucleus

113
Q

produce > 1 neutron, process is

A

self-sustaining

114
Q

radioactivity measured as

A

decay event/time

115
Q

radioactivity is a

A

first order process

116
Q

radioactivity rate =

A

decay events atom/sec times number of atoms

117
Q

good for dating rocks

A

235 U and 207 Pb

118
Q

biological effects of radiation

A
  • forms of radiation can break chemical bonds
  • produce radicals, free electrons, cations
  • “ionizing radiation”
  • cause cancer, birth defects, death
119
Q

absorbed dose measures

A

ionizing radiation/mass

120
Q

SI unit—>

A

G ray = 1 J/kg

121
Q

Gy RBE=

A

Sievert

122
Q

what occurs since alpha particles have a large mass?

A

blocked with paper

123
Q

one way to have exposure to alpha particles is

A

radon gas

General chemistry II (4 decks)

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