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Biology ADV > unit 4 bio test > Flashcards

unit 4 bio test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nucleic acid, biomolecules, DNA, polymer, monomer, nucleotides –> put those in order

A

biomolecules –> nucleic acid
polymer –> DNA
monomer –> Nucleotides

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2
Q

what is DNA made of?

A

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous

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3
Q

back bone of DNA made of?

A

5 carbon sugar and phosphate group

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4
Q

rungs of DNA made of?

A

nitrogenous bases

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5
Q

which goes with which?

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

A

adenine –> thymine
cytosine –> guanine

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6
Q

what does hydrogen bonding do?

A

bonds the two bases together

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7
Q

what are the bases responsible for?

A

genes –> traits

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8
Q

what are purines and pyrimidines?

A

if the nitrogen base has a double ring or a single ring

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9
Q

which bases are purines or pyrimidines?

A

adenine and guanine are pyrimidines

cytosine and thymine are purines

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10
Q

bases for RNA?

A

cytosine and guanine
adenine and URACIL

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11
Q

sugar for RNA?

A

ribose

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12
Q

shade of RNA?

A

singe strand

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13
Q

why does DNA replicate?

A

growth
repair
development
asexual reproduction

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14
Q

which strand has 3’ and 5’?

A

the leading strand is split on the 3’ end and the lagging strand is split on the 5’ end

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15
Q

what does helicase do?

A

unwinds and unzips and DNA

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16
Q

what does primase do?

A

the primase puts the polyermase on the strands

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17
Q

what does the polyermase do?

A

polymerase builds new strand in the 5’3’ direction

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18
Q

which strand is harder for the polymerase for it to do its job, it has to jump around

A

the lagging strand

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19
Q

what does the ligase do?

A

ligase adds the glue that seals gaps between okazaki fragments

20
Q

what are the okazaki fragments?

A

fragments built on the lagging strand

21
Q

what does semi-conservative mean?

A

old strand is conserved and a new strand is added to make two new copies of DNA

22
Q

what happens during prokaryotic replication?

A

binary fission

23
Q

what is binary fission?

A

simple process of replicating DNA and dividing in two (no nucleus)

24
Q

list phases in interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

25
Q

Is mitosis or interphase longer?

A

interphase

26
Q

what happens in G1 phase?

A

cell growth and protein synthesis

27
Q

what happens in S phase?

A

DNA replication

28
Q

what happens in G2 phase?

A

cell organelles are produced to prepare for cell division

29
Q

what is G0 phase?

A

when the cell is not dividing

30
Q

mitosis

A

part of the cell cycle when cell divides

31
Q

list PMAT

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

32
Q

what are checkpoints?

A

regulate the cell cycle

33
Q

list the interphase checkpoints

A

G1 > nutrients and growth factors
S > damaged DNA
G2 > damaged DNA
M > chromosomes misalignment

34
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled proliferation of cells

35
Q

benign

A

cells grow as compact mass and remain and site of origin

36
Q

malignant

A

growth of cells in uncontrolled and spreads to surrounding tissue

37
Q

chromosome

A

compact DNA for reproduction

38
Q

what happens in prophase

A

nuclear envelope breaks down
chromatin turn into chromosomes
longest part of mitosis

39
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

chromosomes align along the middle of the cell
spindle fibers attatch to centrometeres

40
Q

what happens in anaphase?

A

chromosomes are separated at centrometre into chromotids
chromatids are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibers

41
Q

what happens in telophase?

A

cleavage is formed
spindle fibers disappear
chromatids wind into chromosomes
nuclear membrane reappears > two new nuclei

42
Q

cytokinesis

A

parent cell splits into two cells

43
Q

complementary strand

A

either of the two chains that make a double helix

44
Q

anti parallel strands

A

both strands run in opposite directions, 3’/5’ –> 5’/3’

45
Q

what is gene expression

A

certain genes turned on and off depending on what the cell is used for

46
Q

somatic cells

A

any cell that isnt a reproductive cells, only cell that goes through mitosis

Biology ADV (3 decks)

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