UNIT 4: Assessment of Cardiovascular Function

Question 1

A nurse is describing the process by which blood is ejected into circulation as the
chambers of the heart become smaller. The instructor categorizes this as what action?
A. Systole
B. Diastole
C. Repolarization
D. Ejection fraction

Answer 1

ANS: A
Rationale: Systole is the action of the chambers of the heart becoming smaller and
ejecting blood. This action of the heart is not diastole (relaxation), ejection fraction (the
amount of blood expelled), or repolarization (electrical charging).

Question 2

During a shift assessment, the nurse is identifying the client’s point of maximum
impulse (PMI). Where should the nurse best palpate the PMI?
A. Left midclavicular line of the chest at the level of the nipple
B. Left midclavicular line of the chest at the fifth intercostal space
C. Midline between the xiphoid process and the left nipple
D. Two to three centimeters to the left of the sternum

Answer 2

ANS: B
Rationale: The left ventricle is responsible for the apical beat or the point of maximum
impulse, which is normally palpated in the left midclavicular line of the chest wall at fifth intercostal space

Question 3

The nurse is calculating a cardiac client’s pulse pressure. If the client’s blood pressure
is 122/76 mm Hg, what is the client’s pulse pressure?
A. 46 mm Hg
B. 99 mm Hg
C. 198 mm Hg
D. 76 mm Hg

Answer 3

ANS: A
Rationale: Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure. In
this case, this value is 46 mm Hg.

Question 4

A client has been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) after an ischemic stroke,
and a central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring line was placed. The nurse notes a low
CVP. Which condition is the most likely reason for a low CVP?
A. Hypovolemia
B. Myocardial infarction (MI)
C. Left-sided heart failure
D. Aortic valve regurgitation

Answer 4

ANS: A
Rationale: CVP is a measurement of the pressure in the vena cava or right atrium. A low
CVP indicates a reduced right ventricular preload, most often from hypovolemia. An MI is
an unlikely cause of low CVP. CVP measures the right side of the heart, so left-sided
failure is unlikely to affect CVP. Aortic valve regurgitation is a less likely cause of low CVP.

Question 5

While auscultating a client’s heart sounds, the nurse hears an extra heart sound
immediately after the second heart sound (S2). An audible S3 would be considered an
expected finding in which client?
A. A 47-year-old client
B. A 20-year-old client
C. A client who has undergone valve replacement
D. A client who takes a beta-adrenergic blocker

Answer 5

ANS: B
Rationale: S3 represents a normal finding in children and adults up to 35 or 40 years of
age. In these cases, it is called a physiologic S3. It is an abnormal finding in a client with
an artificial valve, an adult older than 40 years of age, or a client who takes a beta
blocker

Question 6

The physical therapist notifies the nurse that a client with coronary artery disease
(CAD) experienced a significant increase in heart rate during physical therapy. The nurse
recognizes that an increase in heart rate in a client with CAD may result in which
outcome?
A. Development of an atrial–septal defect
B. Myocardial ischemia
C. Formation of a pulmonary embolism
D. Release of potassium ions from cardiac cells

Answer 6

ANS: B
Rationale: Unlike other arteries, the coronary arteries are perfused during diastole. An
increase in heart rate shortens diastole and can decrease myocardial perfusion. Clients,
particularly those with CAD, can develop myocardial ischemia. An increase in heart rate
will not usually result in a pulmonary embolism or create electrolyte imbalances.
Atrial-septal defects are congenital.

Question 7

The nurse is caring for a client who has a history of heart disease. What factor should
the nurse identify as possibly contributing to a decrease in cardiac output?
A. A change in position from standing to sitting
B. A heart rate of 54 bpm
C. A pulse oximetry reading of 94%
D. An increase in preload related to ambulation

Answer 7

ANS: B
Rationale: Cardiac output is computed by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate. Cardiac output can be affected by changes in either stroke volume or heart rate,
such as a rate of 54 bpm. An increase in preload will lead to an increase in stroke volume.
A pulse oximetry reading of 94% does not indicate hypoxemia, as hypoxia can decrease
contractility. Transitioning from standing to sitting would more likely increase rather than
decrease cardiac output.

Question 8

8. A client is admitted to a cardiac unit with the diagnosis of syncope. Orthostatic blood
   pressures are ordered every 8 hours. Which blood pressure readings would best indicate
   that the nurse should notify the health care provider of a positive finding?
   A. Supine 146/70 mm Hg, sitting 132/68 mm Hg, standing 130/66 mm Hg
   B. Supine 110/62 mm Hg, sitting 108/58 mm Hg, standing 106/56 mm Hg
   C. Supine 128/72 mm Hg, sitting 118/70 mm Hg, standing 110/66 mm Hg
   D. Supine 138/76 mm Hg, sitting 132/66 mm Hg, standing 122/52 mm Hg

Answer 8

ANS: D
Rationale: Postural (orthostatic) hypotension is a significant drop in blood pressure (20
mm Hg systolic or more or 10 mm Hg diastolic or more) within 3 minutes of moving from
a lying or sitting to a standing position to indicate a positive result.

Question 9

The critical care nurse is caring for a client with a central venous pressure (CVP)
monitoring system. The nurse notes that the client’s CVP is increasing. This may indicate:
A. psychosocial stress.
B. hypervolemia.
C. dislodgment of the catheter.
D. hypomagnesemia.

Answer 9

ANS: B
Rationale: CVP is a useful hemodynamic parameter to observe when managing an
unstable client’s fluid volume status. An increasing pressure may be caused by
hypervolemia or by a condition, such as heart failure, that results in decreased
myocardial contractility. Stress, dislodgment of the catheter, and low magnesium levels
would not typically result in increased CVP

Question 10

The critical care nurse is caring for a client with a pulmonary artery pressure
monitoring system. In addition to assessing left ventricular function, what is an additional
function of a pulmonary artery pressure monitoring system?
A. To assess the client’s response to fluid and drug administration
B. To obtain specimens for arterial blood gas measurements
C. To dislodge pulmonary emboli
D. To diagnose the etiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Answer 10

ANS: A
Rationale: Pulmonary artery pressure monitoring is an important tool used in critical care
for assessing left ventricular function (cardiac output), diagnosing the etiology of shock,
and evaluating the client’s response to medical interventions, such as fluid
administration and vasoactive medications. Pulmonary artery monitoring is preferred over central
venous pressure monitoring for the client with heart failure. Arterial catheters are useful
when arterial blood gas measurements and blood samples need to be obtained
frequently. Neither intervention is used to clear pulmonary emboli

Question 11

The cardiac care nurse is reviewing the conduction system of the heart. The nurse is
aware that electrical conduction of the heart usually originates in the sinoatrial (SA) node
and then proceeds in which sequence?
A. Bundle of His to atrioventricular (AV) node to Purkinje fibers
B. AV node to Purkinje fibers to bundle of His
C. Bundle of His to Purkinje fibers to AV node
D. AV node to bundle of His to Purkinje fibers

Answer 11

ANS: D
Rationale: The normal electrophysiological conduction route is SA node to AV node to
bundle of His to Purkinje fibers.

Question 12

A client has had a myocardial infarction and has been diagnosed as having damage to
the layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action. This client experienced damage
to which area of the heart?
A. Endocardium
B. Pericardium
C. Myocardium
D. Visceral pericardium

Answer 12

ANS: C
Rationale: The middle layer of the heart, or myocardium, is made up of muscle fibers and
is responsible for the pumping action. The inner layer, or endocardium, consists of
endothelial tissue and lines the inside of the heart and valves. The heart is encased in a
thin, fibrous sac called the pericardium, which is composed of two layers. Adhering to the
epicardium is the visceral pericardium. Enveloping the visceral pericardium is the parietal
pericardium, a tough fibrous tissue that attaches to the great vessels, diaphragm,
sternum, and vertebral column and supports the heart in the mediastinum.

Question 13

The nurse working on a cardiac care unit is caring for a client whose stroke volume
has increased. The nurse is aware that afterload influences a client’s stroke volume. The
nurse recognizes that which factor increases afterload?
A. Arterial vasoconstriction
B. Venous vasoconstriction
C. Arterial vasodilation
D. Venous vasodilation

Answer 13

ANS: A
Rationale: Afterload, or resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle, is one
determinant of stroke volume. There is an inverse relationship between afterload and
stroke volume. Arterial vasoconstriction increases afterload, which leads to decreased stroke volume. Conversely, arterial vasodilation decreases afterload because there is less
resistance to ejection, and stroke volume increases. Preload, or the degree of stretch of
the ventricular cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole, is another determinant of
stroke volume. There is a direct relationship between preload and stroke volume. Venous
vasoconstriction increases preload, which leads to increased stroke volume. Conversely,
venous vasodilation decreases preload, which leads to decreased stroke volume. Because
the ventricles only eject blood into arteries, not veins, afterload is only affected by
arterial, not venous, vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Because the ventricles only
receive blood from veins, not arteries, preload is only affected by venous, not arterial,
vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

Question 14

14. A nurse is preparing a client for scheduled transesophageal echocardiography. Which
    action should the nurse perform?
    A. Instruct the client to drink 1 L of water before the test.
    B. Administer intravenous (IV) benzodiazepines and opioids.
    C. Inform the client that the client will remain on bed rest following the procedure.
    D. Inform the client that an access line will be initiated in the femoral artery

Answer 14

ANS: C
Rationale: During the recovery period, the client must maintain bed rest with the head of
the bed elevated to 45 degrees. The client must be NPO 6 hours pre-procedure. The client
is sedated to make the client comfortable, but the client will not be heavily sedated and
opioids are not necessary. Also, the client will have a peripheral IV line initiated
pre-procedure.

Question 15

The nurse is caring for a client admitted with angina who is scheduled for cardiac
catheterization. The client is anxious and asks the reason for this test. The nurse should
explain that cardiac catheterization is most commonly done for which purpose?
A. To assess how blocked or open a client’s coronary arteries are
B. To detect how efficiently a client’s heart muscle contracts
C. To evaluate cardiovascular response to stress
D. To evaluate cardiac electrical activity

Answer 15

ANS: A
Rationale: Cardiac catheterization is usually used to assess coronary artery patency to
determine whether revascularization procedures are necessary. A thallium stress test
shows myocardial ischemia after stress. An ECG shows the electrical activity of the heart

Question 16

The critical care nurse is caring for a client who has had an MI. The nurse should
expect to assist with establishing what hemodynamic monitoring procedure to assess the
client’s left ventricular function?
A. Central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring
B. Pulmonary artery pressure monitoring (PAPM)
C. Systemic arterial pressure monitoring (SAPM)
D. Arterial blood gases (ABGs)

Answer 16

ANS: B
Rationale: Pulmonary artery pressure monitoring is used to assess left ventricular
function. CVP is used to assess right ventricular function; systemic arterial pressure
monitoring is used for continual assessment of BP. ABGs are used to assess for acidic and
alkalotic levels in the blood.

Question 17

The nurse is caring for an acutely ill client who has central venous pressure
monitoring in place. What intervention should be included in the care plan of a client with
CVP in place?
A. Apply antibiotic ointment to the insertion site twice daily.
B. Change the site dressing whenever it becomes visibly soiled.
C. Perform passive range-of-motion exercises to prevent venous stasis.
D. Aspirate blood from the device once daily to test pH.

Answer 17

ANS: B
Rationale: Gauze dressings should be changed every 2 days or transparent dressings at
least every 7 days and whenever dressings become damp, loosened, or visibly soiled.
Passive ROM exercise is not indicated and it is unnecessary and inappropriate to aspirate
blood to test it for pH. Antibiotic ointments are contraindicated.

Question 18

A client is brought into the emergency department (ED) by family members, who tell
the nurse the client grabbed their chest and reported substernal chest pain. The care
team recognizes the need to monitor the client’s cardiac function closely while
interventions are performed. Which form of monitoring should the nurse anticipate?
A. Left-sided heart catheterization
B. Cardiac telemetry
C. Transesophageal echocardiography
D. Hardwire continuous electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring

Answer 18

ANS: D
Rationale: Two types of continuous ECG monitoring techniques are used in health care
settings: hardwire cardiac monitoring, found in EDs, critical care units, and progressive
care units; and telemetry, found in general nursing care units or outpatient cardiac
rehabilitation programs. Cardiac catheterization and transesophageal echocardiography
would not be used in emergent situations to monitor cardiac function.

Question 19

The nurse is relating the deficits in a client’s synchronization of the atrial and
ventricular events to his diagnosis. What are the physiologic characteristics of the nodal
and Purkinje cells that provide this synchronization? Select all that apply.
A. Loop connectivity
B. Excitability
C. Automaticity
D. Conductivity
E. Independence

Answer 19

ANS: B, C, D
Rationale: Three physiologic characteristics of two types of specialized electrical cells, the
nodal cells and the Purkinje cells, provide this synchronization: automaticity, or the
ability to initiate an electrical impulse; excitability, or the ability to respond to an
electrical impulse; and conductivity, the ability to transmit an electrical impulse from one
cell to another. Loop connectivity is a distracter for this question. Independence of the
cells has nothing to do with the synchronization described in the scenario.

Question 20

The nurse’s assessment of an older adult client reveals the following data: Lying BP
144/82 mm Hg; sitting BP 121/69 mm Hg; standing BP 98/56 mm Hg. The nurse should
identify the priority nursing diagnosis of a risk for which outcome in the client’s plan of
care?
A. Ineffective breathing pattern related to hypotension
B. Falls related to orthostatic hypotension
C. Ineffective role performance related to hypotension
D. Imbalanced fluid balance related to hemodynamic variability

Answer 20

ANS: B
Rationale: Orthostatic hypotension creates a significant risk for falls due to the dizziness
and lightheadedness that accompany it. It does not normally affect breathing or fluid
balance. The client’s ability to perform normal roles may be affected, but the risk for falls
is the most significant threat to safety.

Question 21

A brain (B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP) sample has been drawn from an older adult
client who has been experiencing vital fatigue and shortness of breath. This test will allow
the care team to investigate the possibility of what diagnosis?
A. Pleurisy
B. Heart failure
C. Valve dysfunction
D. Cardiomyopathy

Answer 21

ANS: B
Rationale: The level of BNP in the blood increases as the ventricular walls expand from
increased pressure, making it a helpful diagnostic, monitoring, and prognostic tool in the
setting of HF. It is not specific to cardiomyopathy, pleurisy, or valve dysfunction.

Question 22

A lipid profile has been ordered for a client who has been experiencing cardiac
symptoms. When should a lipid profile be drawn in order to maximize the accuracy of
results?
A. As close to the end of the day as possible
B. After a meal high in fat
C. After a 12-hour fast
D. Thirty minutes after a normal meal

Answer 22

ANS: C
Rationale: Although cholesterol levels remain relatively constant over 24 hours, the blood
specimen for the lipid profile should be obtained after a 12-hour fast.

Question 23

When hemodynamic monitoring is ordered for a client, a catheter is inserted into the
appropriate blood vessel or heart chamber. When assessing a client who has such a
device in place, the nurse should check which of the following components? Select all that
apply.
A. A transducer
B. A flush system
C. A leveler
D. A pressure bag
E. An oscillator

Answer 23

ANS: A, B, D
Rationale: To perform hemodynamic monitoring, a CVP, pulmonary artery, or arterial
catheter is introduced into the appropriate blood vessel or heart chamber. It is connected
to a pressure monitoring system that has several components. Included among these are
a transducer, a flush system, and a pressure bag. A pressure monitoring system does not
have a leveler or an oscillator

Question 24

The critical care nurse is caring for a client who has been experiencing bradycardia
after cardiovascular surgery. The nurse knows that the heart rate is determined by
myocardial cells with the fastest inherent firing rate. Under normal circumstances where
are these cells located?
A. SA node
B. AV node
C. Bundle of His
D. Purkinje cells

Answer 24

ANS: A
Rationale: The heart rate is determined by the myocardial cells with the fastest inherent
firing rate. Under normal circumstances, the SA node has the highest inherent rate (60 to
100 impulses per minute).

Question 25

25. The nurse is doing discharge teaching with a client who has coronary artery disease.
    The client asks why they have to take an aspirin every day if they don’t have any pain.
    Which rationale for this intervention would be the best?
    A. To help restore the normal function of the heart
    B. To help prevent blockages that can cause chest pain or heart attacks
    C. To help the blood penetrate the heart more freely
    D. To help the blood carry more oxygen than it would otherwise

Answer 25

ANS: B
Rationale: An aspirin a day is a common nonprescription medication that improves
outcomes in clients with coronary artery disease due to its antiplatelet action, which
helps to prevent clots that can lead to chest pain or heart attacks. It does not affect
oxygen-carrying capacity or perfusion. Aspirin does not restore cardiac function.

Question 26

The health care provider has ordered a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)
drawn on a client. The results of this test will allow the nurse to evaluate the role of what
process that is implicated in the development of atherosclerosis?
A. Immunosuppression
B. Inflammation
C. Infection
D. Hemostasis

Answer 26

ANS: B
Rationale: High-sensitivity CRP is a protein produced by the liver in response to systemic
inflammation. Inflammation is thought to play a role in the development and progression
of atherosclerosis.

Question 27

The client has a homocysteine level ordered. What aspects of this test should inform
the nurse’s care? Select all that apply.
A. A 12-hour fast is necessary before drawing the blood sample.
B. Recent inactivity can depress homocysteine levels.
C. Genetic factors can elevate homocysteine levels.
D. A diet low in folic acid elevates homocysteine levels.
E. An ECG should be performed immediately before drawing a sample.

Answer 27

ANS: A, C, D
Rationale: Genetic factors and a diet low in folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 are
associated with elevated homocysteine levels. A 12-hour fast is necessary before
drawing a blood sample for an accurate serum measurement. An ECG is unnecessary and
recent inactivity does not influence the results of the test.

Question 28

A client with a complex cardiac history is scheduled for transthoracic
echocardiography. What should the nurse teach the client in anticipation of this
diagnostic procedure?
A. The test is noninvasive, and nothing will be inserted into the client’s body.
B. The client’s pain will be managed aggressively during the procedure.
C. The test will provide a detailed profile of the heart’s electrical activity.
D. The client will remain on bed rest for 1 to 2 hours after the test.

Answer 28

ANS: A
Rationale: Before transthoracic echocardiography, the nurse informs the client about the
test, explaining that it is painless. The test does not evaluate electrophysiology, and bed
rest is unnecessary after the procedure.

Question 29

A critical care nurse is caring for a client with a hemodynamic monitoring system in
place. For what complications should the nurse assess? Select all that apply.
A. Pneumothorax
B. Infection
C. Atelectasis
D. Bronchospasm
E. Air embolism

Answer 29

ANS: A, B, E
Rationale: Complications from use of hemodynamic monitoring systems are uncommon,
but can include pneumothorax, infection, and air embolism. Complications of
hemodynamic monitoring systems do not include atelectasis or bronchospasm.

Question 30

The nurse is caring for a client who has central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring in
place. The nurse’s most recent assessment reveals that CVP is 7 mm Hg. What is the
nurse’s most appropriate action?
A. Arrange for continuous cardiac monitoring and reposition the client.
B. Remove the CVP catheter and apply an occlusive dressing.
C. Assess the client for fluid overload and inform the health care provider.
D. Raise the head of the client’s bed and have the client perform deep breathing
exercises, if possible.

Answer 30

ANS: C
Rationale: The normal CVP is 2 to 6 mm Hg. Many problems can cause an elevated CVP,
but the most common is due to hypervolemia. Assessing the client and informing the
health care provider are the most prudent actions. Repositioning the client is ineffective
and removing the device is inappropriate.

Question 31

A critical care nurse is caring for a client with a pulmonary artery catheter in place.
What does this catheter measure that is particularly important in critically ill clients?
A. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure
B. Right ventricular afterload
C. Pulmonary artery pressure
D. Left ventricular preload

Answer 31

ANS: D
Rationale: Monitoring of the pulmonary artery diastolic and pulmonary artery wedge
pressures is particularly important in critically ill clients because it is used to evaluate left
ventricular filling pressures (i.e., left ventricular preload). This device does not directly
measure the other listed aspects of cardiac function.

Question 32

A client’s declining cardiac status has been attributed to decreased cardiac action
potential. Interventions should be aimed at restoring what aspect of cardiac physiology?
A. The cycle of depolarization and repolarization
B. The time it takes from the firing of the SA node to the contraction of the
ventricles
C. The time between the contraction of the atria and the contraction of the
ventricles
D. The cycle of the firing of the AV node and the contraction of the myocardium

Answer 32

ANS: A
Rationale: This exchange of ions creates a positively charged intracellular space and a
negatively charged extracellular space that characterizes the period known as
depolarization. Once depolarization is complete, the exchange of ions reverts to its
resting state; this period is known as repolarization. The repeated cycle of depolarization
and repolarization is called the cardiac action potential.

Question 33

A client has been scheduled for cardiovascular computed tomography (CT) with
contrast. To prepare the client for this test, what action should the nurse perform?
A. Keep the client NPO for at least 6 hours prior to the test.
B. Establish peripheral IV access.
C. Limit the client’s activity for 2 hours before the test.
D. Teach the client to perform incentive spirometry.

Answer 33

ANS: B
Rationale: An IV is necessary if contrast is to be used to enhance the images of the CT.
The client does not need to fast or limit activity. Incentive spirometry is not relevant to
this diagnostic test

Question 34

The nurse is caring for a client who is undergoing an exercise stress test. Prior to
reaching the target heart rate, the client develops chest pain. What is the nurse’s most
appropriate response?
A. Administer sublingual nitroglycerin to allow the client to finish the test.
B. Initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
C. Administer analgesia and slow the test.
D. Stop the test and monitor the client closely.

Answer 34

ANS: D
Rationale: The client may be experiencing signs of myocardial ischemia would
necessitate stopping the test. CPR would only be necessary if signs of cardiac or
respiratory arrest were evident. The client should not be permitted to continue the test
due to risk of MI, therefore the first option, administer nitroglycerin is incorrect. The
nurse would not administer pain medication and slow the test as this could mask the
symptoms of MI and the client should not be permitted to continue with the test. Further
assessment by the nurses must be completed and protocol for MI initiated.

Question 35

The nurse is caring for a client admitted with unstable angina. The laboratory result
for the initial troponin I is elevated in this client. The nurse should recognize what
implication of this assessment finding?
A. This is only an accurate indicator of myocardial damage when it reaches its peak
in 24 hours.
B. Because the client has a history of unstable angina, this is a poor indicator of
myocardial injury.
C. This is an accurate indicator of myocardial injury.
D. This result indicates muscle injury, but does not specify the source.

Answer 35

ANS: C
Rationale: Troponin I, which is specific to cardiac muscle, is elevated within hours after
myocardial injury. Even with a diagnosis of unstable angina, this is an accurate indicator
of myocardial injury.

Question 36

The nurse is conducting client teaching about cholesterol levels. When discussing the
client’s elevated LDL and lowered HDL levels, the client shows an understanding of the
significance of these levels by making what statement?
A. “Increased LDL and decreased HDL increase my risk of coronary artery disease.”
B. “Increased LDL has the potential to decrease my risk of heart disease.”
C. “The decreased HDL level will increase the amount of cholesterol moved away
from the artery walls.”
D. “The increased LDL will decrease the amount of cholesterol deposited on the
artery walls.”

Answer 36

ANS: A
Rationale: Elevated LDL levels and decreased HDL levels are associated with a greater
incidence of coronary artery disease.

Question 37

A resident of a long-term care facility has reported chest pain to the nurse. What
aspect of the resident’s pain would be most suggestive of angina as the cause?
A. The pain is worse when the resident inhales deeply.
B. The pain occurs immediately following physical exertion.
C. The pain is worse when the resident coughs.
D. The pain is most severe when the resident moves the upper body.

Answer 37

ANS: B
Rationale: Chest pain associated with angina is often precipitated by physical exertion.
The other listed aspects of chest pain are more closely associated with noncardiac
etiologies.

Question 38

The nurse is performing an intake assessment on a client with a new diagnosis of
coronary artery disease. What would be the most important determination to make
during this intake assessment?
A. Whether the client and involved family members understand the role of genetics
in the etiology of the disease
B. Whether the client and involved family members understand dietary changes
and the role of nutrition
C. Whether the client and involved family members are able to recognize
symptoms of an acute cardiac problem and respond appropriately
D. Whether the client and involved family members understand the importance of
social support and community agencies

Answer 38

ANS: C
Rationale: During the health history, the nurse needs to determine if the client and involved family members are able to recognize symptoms of an acute cardiac problem,
such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or HF, and seek timely treatment for these
symptoms. Each of the other listed topics is valid, but the timely and appropriate
response to a cardiac emergency is paramount.