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bmsc wheelchairs > Unit 4: Ambulation Aids > Flashcards

Unit 4: Ambulation Aids Flashcards

1
Q

What are ambulation aids

A

Mobility aids designed to assist with ambulation (walking)

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2
Q

Why do many people decline use of ambulation aids

A

Perception that the aid acknowledges their disability

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3
Q

What are the 3 main categories of ambulation aid

A

Walking sticks
Crutches
Walking frames

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4
Q

What are rehabilitation aids

A

Devices that combine 2 of the main categories of ambulation aid e.g. wheeled walking sticks. Used under clinical supervision

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5
Q

What 3 general criteria for ambulation aids

A

Ease of use
Rehabilitation
Easy maintenance

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6
Q

Name the main walking stick designs

A

Standards (single point)

Tripod and quadripod

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7
Q

Which hand should a walking stick be held in if one leg is affected

A

In the hand of the unaffected side: increases the users base of support when the unaffected side if off the ground during swing phase

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8
Q

What do ling white sticks and long white sticks with a red band signify

A

White: blind

White with red band: blind and deaf

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9
Q

What are the 4 main segments of a walking stick

A

Handle
Neck
Shaft
Base

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10
Q

Describe the 2 main handle designs

A

Crook: hooked handle. Good for being hooked over furniture but not suitable for long term use.
Straight: usually seen on metal sticks, have either moulded or contoured handgrips.

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11
Q

What is the difference between moulded and contoured handgrips

A

Moulded: slightly shaped for comfort
Contoured: styled to fit the palmar contours of the hand

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12
Q

What is a benefit of a swan-neck shaped neck over a straight neck

A

Ensures that a vertical force applied to the handle passes through the base of single support stick when the shaft is upright

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13
Q

What distance are the push buttons/pins and holes intervals fitted on a metal walking stick

A

25mm apart

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14
Q

What are ferrules and why are they used

A

Rubber caps at the base of the walking stick. Prevent the stick from slipping

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15
Q

What are two other base designs and what are they used for

A

Folding ice spikes: used in icy conditions

Retractable base: retracts up during use and lowered when not in use to keep the stick upright

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16
Q

Give an advantage and a disadvantage of a folding single point stick

A

Benefit: useful for storage
Disadvantage: not easily used if poor coordination or painful/weak hands

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17
Q

What are some advantages of tripod/quadripod sticks

A

Increased base of support

User can let go without the stick falling over

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18
Q

What are the differences in the forces that can be applied to swan neck and straight neck handle tripod/quadripod desigsn

A

Swan neck: larger posterior horizontal forces, smaller anterior forces
Straight neck: larger anterior horizontal forces, smaller posterior forces

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19
Q

Disadvantages of tripod/quadripod sticks

A

Less manoeuvrable
May be unable to use on stairs
If used in the wrong hand/configuration the user may trip over the base

20
Q

What are the 3 main types of crutch

A

Elbow
Forearm trough
Axillary
(Canadian: mixture of elbow and axillary)

21
Q

What determines which crutch is used

A

The amount of load bearing required and the users upper body strength and balance

22
Q

Elbow crutches have cuffs. What is the benefit of a closed cuff over an open on

A

Allows the crutch to be suspended from the forearm when the handle is released

23
Q

What position should a forearm trough be set at

A

So that the elbow is at 90 degrees and the shoulder is not hunched

24
Q

Why should the head of an axillary pad avoid pressing against the axilla

A

Can cause nerve palsy or axillary artery thrombosis

25
Q

What two design features does a Canadian crutch have

A

Axillary support: via an armring

Elbow support: via a handgrip

26
Q

What are the 2 categories of walking frame

A

Wheeled and non-wheeled

27
Q

How can a walking frame be adjusted to suit someone who tends to fall backwards

A

Lower the frame slightly so that they have to shift their weight forwards

28
Q

What is a disadvantage of walking frames that means they should only be considered after other ambulation aids have failed

A

They disrupt normal reciprocal gait pattern

29
Q

What are the 3 designs of non-wheeled walking frame

A

Pulpit
Reciprocal
Triangular

30
Q

Describe a pulpit walking frame

A

Most common design. 4 ground contact points, surrounds the user on 3 sides

31
Q

Describe a hinged walking frame

A

Similar to a pulpit frame but with a hinge at the front. Allows each side to be moved forwards and backwards independently

32
Q

Advantages of a hinged walking frame

A

Allows a more dynamic reciprocal gait

The frame is always in contact with the ground

33
Q

Describe a triangular frame

A

Two sides are joined at the front at around 60-90 degrees. Usually hinged at the front for storage

34
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of triangular frames

A

Advantages: more manoeuvrable than pulpit and a smaller turning circle
Disadvantages: less stable

35
Q

What is the main advantages of a wheeled walking frame over a non-wheeled

A

The user doesn’t have to life the frame

36
Q

What are the 2 types of wheels usually fitted to wheeled walking frames

A

Castor wheels: usually fitted to the front

Fixed wheels: usually fitted to the rear

37
Q

Describe the structure of a standard rollator

A

2 fixed front wheels

2 rear ferrules

38
Q

Describe the structure of a 3-wheeled rollator

A

2 fixed rear wheels
1 front castor wheel
Triangular frame

39
Q

Describe the structure of a 4-wheeled rollator

A

2 fixed rear wheels

2 front castor wheels

40
Q

What are the 3 main types of brakes that can be fitted to wheeled frames

A

Cable brakes
Spring-loaded brakes
Kick brakes

41
Q

Which brake style is squeeze operated

A

Cable brakes

42
Q

How does a spring-loaded brake mechanism work

A

Rear wheels are mounted on springs: move up and down relative to the frame
Large load applied to the frame = frame moves down so that contact is made with the ground/wheel

43
Q

How can the spring-loaded brake mechanism be adjusted

A 
Turning handwheels to tighten/slacken the spring
The tighter (shorter) the spring, the larger the force needed to reduce its length to affect the braking action
44
Q

How are kick brakes used

A

Foot operated: press down to engage the brake, kick up to disengage

45
Q

What are the 4 main types of folding mechanism for walking frames

A

Drop bolt
Bracing bar
Levers
Ball and draw string

46
Q

Where does the base of support located in a pulpit frame

A

Centrally in the frontal plane, and lightly anterior to centre in the sagittal plane (due to the position of the cross bar)

47
Q

What happens to walking frame stability as handlebar height increases

A

(Horizontal) Stability decreases

bmsc wheelchairs (4 decks)

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