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WJEC Level 3 Criminology (KEDST 2023/24). > UNIT 4 - AC3.3 - Examine the limitations of agencies in achieving social control. > Flashcards

UNIT 4 - AC3.3 - Examine the limitations of agencies in achieving social control. Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘Recidivism’?

[AC3.3]

A

Recidivism refers to the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend.

[AC3.3]

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2
Q

What are Recidivism Rates?

[AC3.3]

A

The rate at which people reoffend within 1 year of prison release.

[AC3.3]

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3
Q

Which countries have the highest prison rate in Western Europe?

[AC3.3]

A

England, Wales and Scotland - roughly 135/136 people per 100,000 population.

[AC3.3]

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4
Q

What country has the lowest prison rate in Western Europe?

[AC3.3]

A

Norway (where Bastøy prison is located) - 57 people per 100,000 population.

[AC3.3]

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5
Q

What percentages of males, females and children reoffend within a year of release?

[AC3.3]

A
  • Males: 64% when serving a sentence less than 12 months.
  • Females: 58%.
  • Children and Young people: 59%.

[AC3.3]

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6
Q

Who are the most likely people that would re-offend?

[AC3.3]

A
  • Someone with previous convictions.
  • People who served a prison sentence.
  • Males are the most likely.
  • Offenders who are alcohol/ drug dependent.
  • Homeless people.
  • People with few qualifications or are unemployed.

[AC3.3]

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7
Q

What contributes to the rising prison population?

[AC3.3]

A

The rising prison population is attributed to factors like repeat offending (increased recidivism rate).

[AC3.3]

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8
Q

What are some of the limitations in prisons that prevent social control from being achieved?

[AC3.3]

A
  • Prison officers dont feel safe.
  • Threat of violence is constant.
  • They are Understaffed.
  • Have limited resources.
  • Prisoners unlikely to co-operate.
  • Prison officers are overworked.
  • Poor education/ rehabilitation.

[AC3.3]

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9
Q

What are prisons called if people are in prison short term with little rehab?

[AC3.3]

A

“Universities of Crime”.

[AC3.3]

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10
Q

What are the factors influencing repeat offending?

[AC3.3]

A

The number of previous convictions is a significant factor influencing reoffending likelihood. Also, boredom and lack of rehabilitation.

[AC3.3]

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11
Q

How does the number of previous convictions affect reoffending likelihood?

[AC3.3]

A

Offenders with a higher number of previous convictions are more likely to reoffend.

[AC3.3]

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12
Q

What is the “dark figure” of reoffending?

[AC3.3]

A

The “dark figure” of reoffending refers to unreported or undetected instances of reoffending.

[AC3.3]

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13
Q

What theories does ‘Recidivism’ link to?

[AC3.3]

A
  • SLT (Social Learning Theory) - Skinners Operant Conditioning.
  • Right Realism - Rational Choice.
  • Marxism - Unemployed most likely to re-offend.

[AC3.3]

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14
Q

What are ‘Civil Liberties’?

[AC3.3]

A

They are rights and freedoms guaranteed to every individual by law.

[AC3.3]

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15
Q

What are some examples of ‘Civil Liberties’?

[AC3.3]

A
  • Freedom of Speech.
  • Freedom of Movement.
  • Freedom of Arbitary Arrest.
  • Freedom of Assembly.
  • Freedom of Association.
  • Freedom of Religious Worship.

[AC3.3]

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16
Q

What case study links to issues with civil liberties?

[AC3.3]

A

Abu Qatada - The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled that as he was a hate preacher he couldnt be deported to Jordan as he could of been tried on evidence obtained by torture.

[AC3.3]

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17
Q

What theories does ‘Civil Liberties and legal barriers’ link to?

[AC3.3]

A
  • Link to Due Proccess Model - PACE 1984 (Procedural Safeguarding).
  • Left Realism.
  • Labelling Theory.

[AC3.3]

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18
Q

What is the link between Marxism and civil liberties?

[AC3.3]

A

Marxism critiques civil liberties as insufficient for meeting the needs of the working class.

[AC3.3]

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19
Q

How is ‘Access to resources and support’ a weakness of agencies?

[AC3.3]

A

Prisoners aren’t able to be rehabilitated due to the amount of staff and funding.

[AC3.3]

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20
Q

How do ‘short sentences’ fail to rehabilitate offenders?

[AC3.3]

A

They don’t give offenders enough time to be able to attend rehabilitation programs. They take too long to set a prisoner up on a rehab scheme.

[AC3.3]

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21
Q

How do ‘shortages of (experienced) prison officers’ fail to rehabilitate offenders?

[AC3.3]

A

Fewer officers mean inmates have to be locked up for up to 23 hours per day to maintain social control.

[AC3.3]

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22
Q

How do ‘limited opportunities for release on temporary lisence (ROTL)’ fail to rehabilitate offenders?

[AC3.3]

A

Staff shortages mean that there are few trusted prisoners which are allowed to attend training, employment and job interviews.

[AC3.3]

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23
Q

How do ‘inadequate resources for education and training’ fail to rehabilitate offenders?

[AC3.3]

Statistics on Prison Activity usefulness.

A

In 2020, the Chief Inspector said half of prisons inspected had too few programmes of useful activity. Fewer than 2 out of 5 delivered good or reasonably good activities.

[AC3.3]

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24
Q

How does the reoffending rate differ whether prisoners learn in prison or not?

[AC3.3]

A

The re-offending rate for prisoners which learn in prison is 34% compared to 43% for non-prison learners.

[AC3.3]

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25
Q

What is the percentage like of prisoners literacy skills?

[AC3.3]

A

Nearly two-thirds (62%) of people entering prison were assessed as having literacy skills expected of an 11 year old.

[AC3.3]

26
Q

What obstacles has HMP Birmingham faced, preventing them from rehabilitating offenders?

[AC3.3]

A

Not enough prison staff so have to be locked up all day (23 hours a day), so inmates get very bored and turn to violence to resolve this issue, as they dont have anything else to do.

[AC3.3]

27
Q

What are some of the problems faced by newly released prisoners?

[AC3.3]

A
  • Lack of Money.
  • Lack of a Job.
  • Homlessness.

[AC3.3]

28
Q

How is ‘Lack of Money’ an issue for newly released prioners?

[AC3.3]

Cost?

A

When they are released they only recieve a £76 discharge grant and any money from jobs in prison. This means they only have enough money to get food for about 1 week.

[AC3.3]

29
Q

How is ‘Lack of a Job’ an issue for newly released prioners?

[AC3.3]

Statistics?

A

Only 1 in 4 prisoners have a job to go to on release. Over 50% of employers also said they wouldn’t employ an ex-offender.

[AC3.3]

30
Q

How is ‘Homlessness’ an issue for newly released prioners?

[AC3.3]

A

Only half of offenders have settled accommodation on release from prison. After 13 weeks in prison, inmates automatically lose entitlement to housing benefits.

[AC3.3]

31
Q

What is the ‘End Friday releases’ campaign?

[AC3.3]

A

More than 1/3 of releases from prison happen on a friday. Newly released offenders end up sleeping rough and discharge grants re-open on monday, so offenders don’t get money for the whole weekend. It’s a campaign to stop these releases on a Friday.

[AC3.3]

32
Q

What organisations are helping the ‘End friday release’ campaign?

[AC3.3]

A

NACRO and Howard League are campaigning to stop this as it means that most businesses are closed at weekends and accommodation and benefits will be hard to get.

[AC3.3]

33
Q

How is the ‘End Friday release’ campaign a problem?

[AC3.3]

A

It leads to newly released offenders being vulnerable to reoffending and breaching conditions of their release lisence - they are recalled to prison.

[AC3.3]

34
Q

What are some reasons for re-offending while on community sentences?

[AC3.3]

A
  • Inadequate support for complex needs - such as mental health issues and addictions.
  • Inadequate supervision by probation services - offenders miss appointments.
  • Failure by the privatised CRC’s - don’t supervise offenders closely enough.

[AC3.3]

35
Q

How is ‘finance’ a limitation of agencies?

[AC3.3]

A

Not enough funding means that agencies can’t work to their standards, so are lacking.

[AC3.3]

36
Q

What ‘costs’ have the POLICE faced?

[AC3.3]

Statistics?

A

Between 2010 and 2018, the police budget cut was bny 19% leading to a fall of 20,000 police officers.

[AC3.3]

37
Q

What are the consequences of underfunding for the POLICE?

[AC3.3]

A
  • More inexperienced officers employed.
  • Not enough people to investiagate crimes.
  • Staff overworked.
  • Short-cuts and mistakes made.
  • Failures to disclose evidence.

[AC3.3]

38
Q

What ‘costs’ have the CPS faced?

[AC3.3]

Statistics?

A

Between 2010 and 2018, there was a 25% budget cut which led to the loss of a third of CPS staff.

[AC3.3]

39
Q

What are the consequences of underfunding for the CPS?

[AC3.3]

A
  • Heavier caseloads.
  • More miscarriages of justice.
  • Increased delays for courts.
  • More inexperienced staff employed.
  • Less disclosure - more cases collapsing.
  • Downgraded charges.

[AC3.3]

40
Q

What are the consequences of underfunding for the JUDICIARY/ COURTS?

[AC3.3]

A
  • Fewer cases being heard - crimes dealt with at a slower rate.
  • Prisoners held on remand.
  • Backlogs in cases.
  • Courtrooms sitting empty.

[AC3.3]

41
Q

What ‘costs’ have the PRISONS faced?

[AC3.3]

Statistics?

A

Between 2010 and 2018, the prison budget fell by 16% leading to reduction in staff levels by 15%.

[AC3.3]

42
Q

What are the consequences of underfunding for the PRISONS?

[AC3.3]

A
  • 23-hour lockups.
  • Increased rioting and attacks.
  • No rehabilative systems.
  • Increased suicides and self-harm.
  • More inexperience officer employed due to staff leaving.

[AC3.3]

43
Q

What ‘costs’ have the PROBATION SERVICES faced?

[AC3.3]

Supervision Statistics?

A

In 2018, only 40% of offenders were supervised by the National Probation Service (NPS) and 60% by CRC’s.

[AC3.3]

44
Q

What are the consequences of underfunding for the PROBATION SERVICES?

[AC3.3]

A
  • Shortages of staff.
  • More inexperienced staff being employed.
  • Poor pre-sentencing/ pre-release.
  • Heavy caseloads for officers.
  • Increased recidivism - more prisoners.

[AC3.3]

45
Q

What ‘costs’ have the CHARITIES faced?

[AC3.3]

Statistics? Loss?

A

Charities have lost more than £3.8 billion in grants from the government over the past decade.

[AC3.3]

46
Q

What are the consequences of underfunding for the CHARITIES?

[AC3.3]

A

People don’t have available money to give to charity due to things such as the ‘Cost of Living Crisis’. This leads to cases not being supported.

[AC3.3]

47
Q

Who are national policies introduced by?

[AC3.3]

A

The Government.

[AC3.3]

48
Q

How do national policies such as for ‘knife crime’ stop the police from achieving social control?

[AC3.3]

A

Through police prioritisation, it means that some crimes are neglected and forgotten about when focusing on others.

[AC3.3]

49
Q

Who are local policies introduced by?

[AC3.3]

A

Local Police Forces.

[AC3.3]

50
Q

How do local policies stop the police from achieving social control?

[AC3.3]

A

Weapon amnesties - police don’t arrest people who hand in illegal weapons - can distract the police from solving real life cases.

[AC3.3]

51
Q

How does the Environment an offender is released into affect recidivism?

[AC3.3]

A

Returning to the same social circle can result in the same offending behaviour.

[AC3.3]

52
Q

What are some factors that influence reoffending ?

[AC3.3]

A
  • Purposeful activity in prison.
  • Employemnt on release from prison.

[AC3.3]

53
Q

How do family visits in prison affect re-offending rates?

[AC3.3]

Statistics?

A

Prisoner who recieve family visits in prison are 39% less likely to re-offend.

This is especially important for women. [AC3.3]

54
Q

How does the prison release environment link to a theory?

[AC3.3]

A

Marxists suggest the bourgeoisie (rich) contruct the rules of society to prevent the proletariats (poor) from achieving in life.

[AC3.3]

55
Q

What is a ‘moral imperative’?

[AC3.3]

A

A strongly felt principle that compels a person to act. (e.g the offender think (morally) its the right decision).

[AC3.3]

56
Q

What case study(s) links to a crime committed with a moral imperative?

[AC3.3]

A
  • London Riots in 2011 - began after Mark Duggan was shot by a police officer who abused their power.
  • Kay Gilderdale - she administered drugs to her ill daughter to help her die. (Assisted Suicide).
  • Banaz Mahmood - honor crime killing.
  • Alan Blythe - MS (Multiple Schlerosis) treatment with cannabis - charged for supply and cultivation.
  • Stansted 15.
  • The Suffragettes.

[AC3.3]

57
Q

How does The Suffragettes link to ‘moral imperatives’?

[AC3.3]

A

The Womens Right protest in 1905 became more militant and they started all sorts of anti-social activities such as burning houses. They believed this was morally right because of the way women were being treated.

[AC3.3]

58
Q

How does The Stansted 15 link to ‘moral imperatives’?

[AC3.3]

A

60 migrants were deported to Nigeria where they were given terrorism charges, but these were overtuned in 2021.

[AC3.3]

59
Q

How does the Alan Blythe case link to ‘moral imperatives’?

[AC3.3]

A

Due to Jury Equity, he was acquited of 3 charges relating to the supply and cultivation of cannabis after it was found his wife had Multiple Schlerosis (MS) and that cannabis alleviated the symptoms of MS.

[AC3.3]

60
Q

How does Functionalism link to ‘moral imperatives’? What key term - BM?

[AC3.3]

A

Crimes can be seen as positive and functional in society. Without deviance, society would be stagnant. Boundary Maintenance shows whats acceptable in society. Crime is how society functions.

[AC3.3]

WJEC Level 3 Criminology (KEDST 2023/24). (10 decks)

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