Unit 4- AC 2.1

Question 1

what is social control?

Answer 1

anything in society that aims to influence/ control our behaviour

Question 2

what are the two different forms of social control?

Answer 2

internal and external

Question 3

what are internal forms of social control?

Answer 3

how we individuals monitor our own behaviour e.g our moral conscience

Question 4

what are the types of internal forms of social control?

Answer 4

freud’s psychoanalysis

tradition and culture

internalisation of social rules and morality

Question 4

what are external forms of social control?

Answer 4

things outside of us that try to control our behaviour e.g police, school, prison

Question 5

1. what is freud’s psychoanalysis?

Answer 5

three aspects that make up the human psyche:

1. Id (pleasure principle)
2. ego (reality principle)
3. superego (morality)

Question 6

what is the Id?

Answer 6

occurs at the earliest stages of development that begins from birth because children are hard to reason with

has no moral beliefs and thinks in terms of ‘I want’ (instant gratification)

e.g ‘I want food and I want it now so I’m going to steal some’

when needs are not met, it will become aggressive, violent and irrational

Question 6

what is the ego?

Answer 6

develops from around the age of 3

has no concept of morality

focused on rational, practical solutions to problems

is the mediator between the id and the superego as it balances the demands of each

it rationalises with the id and gives them a solution for example if they want food, they should save up and buy some

Question 7

what is the superego?

Answer 7

develops last (between 3-5 years)

has a strong sense of right and wrong

is very self-critical and blames itself for mistakes

a well developed superego allows us to demonstrate self control preventing us from ant social or criminal behaviour

may apologise immediately

Question 8

2. what is tradition and culture?

Answer 8

tradition: religions have certain norms and values that can influence a persons likelihood of committing crime e.g. Catholicism forbids sex outdid of marriage

culture: norms, values and traditions that determine our behaviour. if these are strong it will govern peoples behaviour as they are internalised and seen normal.

Question 9

what are norms, values and morals?

Answer 9

norm: expected behaviour, unwritten rules of society

value: standards of behaviour that is important and looked up to, how we should live our lives

morals: principles of right and wrong

Question 9

what is an example of norms and values?

Answer 9

norms: queue in a line, table manners, not cheating in exams

values: respect for human life, opening the door open, loyalty

Question 10

what is rational ideology?

Answer 10

people internalising external things making them a part of themselves is done through socialisation and rational ideology

society’s rules shape our personal moral compass

a deeply held belief about right and wrong that we logically think about

ideology: idea deeply held within us that usually benefits a powerful group

rational: logical thought

Question 11

what is socialisation?

Answer 11

the process which we learn norms and values

we internalise the beliefs of our society and begin to internally regulate our own behaviour

Question 12

what are the external forms of social control?

Answer 12

agencies of social control

the CJS

coercion

fear of punishment

control theory

Question 13

how do agencies of social control exert social control?

Answer 13

through positive sanctions and negative sanctions

reinforce positive behaviour

e.g trips, certificates, HAPs, detentions, expelled, suspended

Question 17

how do the criminal justice system exert social control?

Answer 17

impose positive and negative sanctions to attempt to control the individuals behaviour

e.g the police can arrest, detain, stop and search and take individuals to prison

e.g cps can issue sentences and release suspects if innocent

e.g judges give custodial sentences, warnings, community sentences, bail

e.g prison service can give IEPs, movement to stricter prisons, solitary confinement, more visits

Question 18

how can coercion exert social control?

Answer 18

using force or threat of force to control individuals behaviour

can be physical (death penalty) or non physical (strikes) e.g hunger strike

prison coercion must be non physical

Question 19

what is an example of coercion?

Answer 19

fear of punishment

Question 20

what is fear of punishment?

Answer 20

people are coerced into not committing due to fear of consequences

form of general deterrence

Question 21

why do right realists support harsh punishments?

Answer 21

increases the risk and decreases the reward to crime being opportunistic

zero tolerance

deterrent to whole of society

Question 22

what is deterrence?

Answer 22

the use of punishment to stop people offending

Question 23

what two assumptions does deterrence have?

Answer 23

1. individual deterrence- imposed on offenders to deter them committing further crimes e.g suspended prison sentences
2. general deterrence- fear of punishment that prevents others committing minor crimes e.g lengthy prison sentence

Question 24

what is control theory?

Answer 24

Hirschi- peoppe commt crime when their bonds to wider society is weak or broken.

these bonds have four main elements

Question 25

what are the four main elements that bond people with wider society?

Answer 25

1. attachment- emotional attachments influence whether an unsocial will commit crime. the more attached the individual is the less likely they will commit a crime. strong attachments= caregiver given us a strong sense of belonging and what it means to be loved e.g a close attachment to teacher will make an individual not want to disappoint them 2. commitment- individuals who are committed to achieving success legitimately are less likely to commit crime 3. involvement- individuals who are heavily involved in wider community are less likely to commit crime as they feel like they belong 4. beliefs- if people are socialized into having the correct values about right and wrong they will be less likely to commit crime

Question 26

what is parenting and control theory?

Answer 26

lack of parental involvement in child’s lives can make a child more likely to commit crime due to lack of socialization of norms and morals, lack of role models, don’t reinforce morals through consequences and rewards gottfredson and hirschi- low self control is caused by poor socialization and absent parents riley and shaw- lack of parental control led to criminal behaviour reckless- effective socialization creates internal containment or self control which helps stop impulsive behaviour and external containment in form of parental discipline which stops juvenile delinquency

Question 27

what is feminism and control theory?

Answer 27

heidensohn- women are controlled in three areas of their life making them less able to commit crime

Question 28

what areas of life are women controlled?

Answer 28

the home (domestic work, emotional work, domestic violence) at work (pay gap, male managers, glass ceiling effect) outside (can’t leave husbands due to stigmatize if divorce, dependence of men)

Question 29

what does carlen argue?

Answer 29

women are controlled in different areas of their life but they may make some women commit more crime as they may be frustrated and anger and therefore commit violent crime