Unit 4

Question 1

How the other half lives

Answer 1

A book of photographs taken by Jacob Riis. It showed the terrible living and working conditions in the slums and tenements of New York City in the 1880s.

Question 2

bonanza farms

Answer 2

Large farms in the United States in the late 1800s. Most of these farms grew and sold wheat. The large-scale production was possible because of new farm machinery, cheap land, and railroads.

Question 3

National Grange

Answer 3

An association for farmers that was founded in 1867. Its goal is to work for policies that would help the economic and political well-being of farm families.

Question 4

Populist Party

Answer 4

A political party that existed from 1891 to 1908. Also called the People’s Party, it supported policies that represented ordinary people, including farmers and factory workers.

Question 5

William Jennings Bryan

Answer 5

(1860 – 1925) An American politician who was the Democratic nominee for president in 1896 and 1900, losing both times to William McKinley. He was a famous speaker and lawyer who supported populist policies, or policies that would help ordinary people.

Question 6

Eugene Debs

Answer 6

(1855 – 1926) An American union leader. He helped found the Industrial Workers of the World, a worldwide union of workers. He became a leading Socialist, believing that the public and workers should own the means of production in the country.

Question 7

ILGWU

Answer 7

The International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, established in 1900. Most of its members were women. The union played an important part in improving working conditions and wages in the clothing industry.

Question 8

initiative

Answer 8

The process by which citizens who are not in the legislature are able to introduce a new law.

Question 9

Jane Addams

Answer 9

(1860 – 1935) A founder of the U.S. settlement house movement, in which wealthy people supported efforts to improve the lives and neighborhoods of poor people. She was against war and spoke against U.S. involvement in World War I. In 1931, she became the second woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Question 10

Labor Day

Answer 10

A U.S. federal holiday held each year on the first Monday of September to honor working people.

Question 11

Lincoln Steffens

Answer 11

(1866 – 1936) A famous American muckraker who wrote about social problems caused by bad government practices. He traveled to the Soviet Union and became a believer in Communism.

Question 12

muckrakers

Answer 12

Writers who report problems about public officials, businesses, and society. The reports aren’t always true but can still cause people to become angry and demand change.

Question 13

Progressives

Answer 13

People who supported policies designed to bring about social order and solve social problems, such as poverty, crime, and government corruption.

Question 14

recall

Answer 14

In politics, a procedure to remove an official before his or her term is over. This is usually done by voting.

Question 15

referendum

Answer 15

The process of having the entire voting public decide on a policy or law.

Question 16

Settlement house

Answer 16

A community welfare center that investigated the plight of the urban poor, raised funds to address urgent needs, and helped neighborhood residents advocate on their own behalf.

Question 17

Seventeenth Amendment (17)

Answer 17

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution approved in 1913. It changed how U.S. senators were selected. They would now be elected by the people instead of being chosen by the state legislatures.

Question 18

strikebreakers

Answer 18

People who are hired to take the place of workers who are on strike. A strike is an attempt by workers to improve working conditions or wages by refusing to work.

Question 19

anarchist

Answer 19

A person who believes that there should be no government or rules placed on human behavior.

Question 20

Clayton Antitrust Act

Answer 20

A law passed by Congress to help enforce other laws against monopolies. It named specific behaviors of monopolies that would no longer be allowed, such as working against labor movement activities.

Question 21

Federal Reserve

Answer 21

The central banking system of the United States. Its purpose is to watch the nation’s banks and help keep the financial system in good condition.

Question 22

Frances Willard

Answer 22

(1839 – 1898) A suffragist, progressive activist, and major leader in the temperance movement. Her founding of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) eventually helped convince Congress to pass the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the sale and consumption of alcohol.

Question 23

in-text citation

Answer 23

A citation inside the text that gives the author’s name, the date of publication, and the page number.

Question 24

National Park System

Answer 24

A set of lands officially owned and maintained by the U.S. government. These areas are protected from exploitation by private businesses because of their value as undisturbed natural sites.

Question 25

New Freedom

Answer 25

Policies of President Woodrow Wilson that supported changes in banking procedures, taxes on imported goods, and laws against monopolies

Question 26

Sixteenth Amendment

Answer 26

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution approved in 1913 that allowed the federal government to collect a tax on the money that people earned.

Question 27

Square Deal

Answer 27

The name given to President Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic policies. These policies helped the middle class, worked against trusts and monopolies, and protected businesses against extreme demands of labor unions.

Question 28

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 28

(1820 – 1906) One of the most influential leaders of the women’s rights movement in the United States. She delivered speeches, created organizations, and wrote articles demanding social and political equality for women.

Question 29

Theodore Roosevelt

Answer 29

(1858 – 1919) The 26th president of the United States, from 1901 to 1909. He is best known for leading the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War and for his support of Progressive policies.

Question 30

trust-busting

Answer 30

Government activities that result in breaking up trusts, which are businesses that have too much control over a product or industry.

Question 31

Upton Sinclair

Answer 31

(1878 – 1968) An American writer who wrote The Jungle, which was about conditions in America’s meatpacking industry and led to government rules about food processing.

Question 32

W.E.B. Du Bois

Answer 32

(1868 – 1963) An African American civil rights leader. He helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

Question 33

William Howard Taft

Answer 33

(1857 – 1930) The 27th president of the United States. He later served as chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. During his presidency, he worked on breaking up trusts and improving the civil service.

Question 34

William McKinley

Answer 34

(1843 – 1901) The 25th president of the United States and a Republican. He was assassinated in 1901 before completing his second term of office.

Question 35

Woodrow Wilson

Answer 35

(1856 – 1924) The 28th president of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921. He was best known for his policies designed to keep the economy stable and control the size and activities of business. He led the country through World War I, and attempted to shape the peace through his Fourteen Points.

Question 36

“The Talented Tenth”

Answer 36

An article written in 1903 by W. E. B. DuBois, an important African American leader. It described the idea that, through education, the smartest and most talented African Americans could become leaders and help improve the lives of the black community.

Question 37

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Answer 37

A Supreme Court decision in 1896 that said it was not against the U.S. Constitution to have laws separating the races in public areas.

Question 38

Booker T. Washington

Answer 38

(1856 – 1915) An African American who was born into slavery and rose to be an important black leader in the last 25 years of his life. He was chosen to lead the Tuskegee Institute, a college for African Americans located in Alabama.

Question 39

De facto segregation

Answer 39

Segregation that is not legally enforced but exists as a common practice in society.

Question 40

Great Migration

Answer 40

A period between 1910 and 1940 when millions of African Americans left the farms of the South to find jobs in the cities of the North.

Question 41

Ida B. Wells

Answer 41

(1862 – 1931) An African American writer. She reported on the murders of African Americans and was a leader in early civil rights efforts in America as well as the women’s rights movement.

Question 42

Jim Crow Laws

Answer 42

State and local laws passed between 1876 and 1965 to keep African Americans and whites separated in public areas such as schools, transportation, restrooms, and hotels. The areas for African Americans were always of poorer quality than those for whites.

Question 43

Lynchings

Answer 43

Putting a person to death without due process of law. In the United States, the term is most often used to describe the hanging of African Americans in the South by groups of white men, who were rarely arrested.

Question 44

Marcus Garvey

Answer 44

(1887 – 1940) An important African American leader. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association. He also started the Black Star Line, a shipping company.