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health and social unit 4 > unit 4 > Flashcards

unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

is a red blood cell with a biconcave disk without a nucleus. they contain the pigment haemoglobin.

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2
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

B cells that produce antibodies

T cells that destroy body cells that have been taken over by viruses

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3
Q

what are neutrophils

A

a type of blood cell that helps to heal damaged tissues and helps to fight infections

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4
Q

what are monocytes

A

type of white blood cell which can differentiate into macrophages and act as part of active immunity. formed in the bone marrow

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5
Q

what are platelets

A

a colourless disk without a nucleus that form part of the blood and helps it to clot

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6
Q

what is plasma

A

has glucose and nutrients and helps substances carry throughout the blood (acts as a transport system)

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7
Q

what are the 5 functions of blood

A 
transport 
temperature regulation
exchange of materials within body tissues
preventing infection
blood clotting
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8
Q

what do the atria do

A

the upper chambers in the heart that allow blood to pass from the lungs and the vena cava

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9
Q

what do the ventricles do

A

lower chambers that can be filled with fluid. they pump blood from the heart to the body

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10
Q

what does the vena cava do

A

it carries deoxygenated blood from lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart

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11
Q

what does the pulmonary artery do

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

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12
Q

what does the pulmonary vein do

A

carries oxygenated blood from the lugs to the heart

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13
Q

what does the aorta do

A

carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the whole body

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14
Q

what does the tricuspid valve do

A

a one way valve that prevents back flow from the right ventricle into the right atrium

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15
Q

what does the bicuspid valve do

A

prevents back flow

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16
Q

what do the semi lunar valves do

A

permit blood to be forced into the arteries and prevent backflow

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17
Q

what do the coronary arteries do

A

supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

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18
Q

what is a double pump

A

because each half pumps blood around a different circulatory system. the right side pumps blood to the lungs and left side pumps around the whole body

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19
Q

what is diastole

A

the phase of the heartbeat where the chambers fill with blood and relax

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20
Q

what is systole

A

phase of heartbeat where heart muscles contract and pump blood from ventricles to atrium

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21
Q

what is cardiac cycle

A

the full heartbeat including diastole and systole

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22
Q

what is the sa node

A

the hearts pacemaker which generates electrical impluses

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23
Q

what is the av node

A

electrically connects the atria and ventricles

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24
Q

what are purkene fibres

A

fibres that are composed of electrically excitable cells

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25
Q

what is a ecg trace

A

tool designed to asses electrical and muscle functions of the heart

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26
Q

what happens in the p of pqrst wave

A

atrial contraction

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27
Q

what happens in the qrs of the pqrst wave

A

contraction of the ventricles

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28
Q

what happens in the t of pqrst wave

A

relaxation of the ventricles

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29
Q

what is the structure of a artery

A

has smooth tissue to handle high pressure from heart which has a small lumen

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30
Q

what is the structure of a vien

A

thin layer of muscular walls and a large lumen to allow larger volumes of blood to pass through

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31
Q

what is the structure of a capillary

A

small lumen and one cell thick for a short diffusion distance

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32
Q

how is tissue fluid formed

A

high hydrostatic pressure the blood at the arteriole end of the capillary that pushes fluid out of the blood.

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33
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system

A

transport lymph to fight infection throughout the body. the vessels are connected to lymph nodes where the lymph is filtered.

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34
Q

what is a cause of hypertension

A 
smoking
being overweight
lack of physical activity
poor diet
stress
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35
Q

what is a effect on a individual who has hypertension

A

lead to other health problems such as other conditions like stroke, heart attack and heart disease

they may be breathless more regularly because they are not getting sufficient amounts of oxygenated blood

exercise more, cut back on alcohol, stop smoking

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36
Q

what is a cause of coronary heart disease

A

when you arteries become blocked with fatty deposits

smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes

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37
Q

what is a effect on the individual living with coronary heart disease

A

regular check up at hospital, lifestyle changes such as eating healthier and exercising regularly. controlling fats and sugar levels. ecg tests

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38
Q

what can be used to monitor / treat chd

A

medication, heart surgery to bypass, blood pressure readings, lifestyle changes

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39
Q

what role do the larynx and pharynx

A

the larynx holds the vocal cords and produces pitch and volume
the pharynx is referred to as the throat and allows air and food to pass through

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40
Q

what is the function of the intercostal muscles

A

responsible for forced inhalation. they raise the ribs and expand the chest cavity

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41
Q

what is the function of the pleural membrane

A

they provide a fluid filled space around the lungs and act as lubrication

42
Q

what happens during inspiration

A

he diaphragm contracts and pulls downward while the muscles between the ribs contract and pull upward. This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure inside. As a result, air rushes in and fills the lungs.

43
Q

what happens during expiration

A

he diaphragm relaxes, and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, while the pressure within it increases. As a result, the lungs contract and air is forced out.

44
Q

what is the role of the gall blader

A

produces bile which breaks down food and fat soluble vitamins

45
Q

what enzymes does the pancreas secrete

A

enzymes and digestive juices. isulin is also produced here which responds to high blood sugar levels

46
Q

what is mechanical digestion

A

involves physically breaking down food into smaller pieces eg, chewing food

47
Q

what is chemical digestion

A

breaking down smaller pieces of food for example via enzymes like salivary enzymes found in the ducal cavity

48
Q

assimilation is

A

the process of digesting food by a biological process. the liver produces bile which breaks down food

49
Q

irritable bowel syndrome

A

causes stomach crams, bloating, constipation
-medication, using raw ingredients and better quality ingredients.
when food passes too quickly or too slowly. and water levels are not in equilibrium.
caused by a increased sensitivity to certain foods.
cut down on high fibre foods.

50
Q

gallstones

A

are stones made of cholesterol and can cause persistent abdominal pain

treated using surgery and are most at risk if you overweight and have high cholesterol
ultrasound can detect gall stones

51
Q

coeliac disease

A

where the small intestines become inflamed and nutrients may struggle to be absorbed. it occurs because of an allergic reaction to gliadin which is found in gluten. there is no cure however switching to gluten free foods would help.
it is a autoimmune disease and mistakes food containing gluten as a threat to them
vaccinations up to date to prevent because are more vulnerable to infection.

52
Q

the structure of bone

A

compact bone on the outside
periosteum on the outside of the bone (outside layer)
spongy bone on the inside
bone marrow in the middle of the bone
empiseal line
blood vesicles running throughout the bone

53
Q

example of a ball and socket joint

A

shoulder, hip

54
Q

example of a hinge joint

A

elbow, knee

55
Q

example of pivot joint

A

neck

56
Q

example of a sliding joint

A

wrist and ankle

57
Q

example of a fixed joint

A

cranium, pelvis

58
Q

what is the function of muscle in a bone

A

contract to allow movement

59
Q

function of a ligament

A

connect bones to bones and tendons

60
Q

function of cartilage

A

flexible connective tissue. it can bend but resists to stretching

61
Q

function of synovial capsule

A

secretes fluid to lubricate and nourish joints while acting as a shock absorber

62
Q

arthritis

A

causes pain and inflammation in a joint. occurs when the cartilage breaks down
it affects the cartilage and makes movement more difficult
no cure but exercise and main relief may help

63
Q

osteoporosis

A

condition that weakens bones making them fragile and brittle. (bone looks like honeycomb)
scans can detect osteoporosis, blood test
treated using medication and hormone treatment, physiotherapy)
can affect mobility and bones break easier
home adaptions
coping with pain
may need to use wheelchair or walking aid.

64
Q

central nervous system

A

CNS refers to spine and brain

main functions are body and mind control

65
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

3 types of nerve cell which include sensory, relay and motor neurones

66
Q

autonomic system

A

regulating body functions such as heart rate, blood flow breathing and digestion

67
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the outer lining of the brain known as they grey matter

68
Q

cerebellum

A

the ball shaped circle at the bottom of the brain. voluntary movements such as speech, posture and balance

69
Q

frontal lobes

A

the front of the brain. opposite end to cerebellum. responsible for problem solving and thinking.

70
Q

corpus colloseum

A

the inner part of the brain covered by the cerebral cortex. integrates all nerve cells (sensory, relay, motor) together.

71
Q

hypothalamus

A

small region (circle) at the bottom of the brain the secretes hormones and regulates body temperature.

72
Q

medulla oblongata

A

long stem like structure that makes up part of the brainstem. responsible for involuntary functions such as breathing and controlling heart rate.

73
Q

meninges

A

membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. its function is protection.

74
Q

the pancreas

A

releases digestive enzymes into the blood stream to digest food. it also secretes insulin in response to blood sugar levels

75
Q

pituitary

A

part of negative feedback. secretes enzymes and hormones such as fhs and metabolic hormones.

76
Q

adrenal glands

A

produce adrenaline in flight or fight responses. they are found above the kidneys

77
Q

thyroid gland

A

found in your neck and produces thyroxine. it helps in digestion of food and heart, muscle and bone function.

78
Q

hormone definition

A

a chemical substance that act as messenger molecules in the body to keep conditions in equilibrium.

79
Q

cortex of kidney

A

provides space for arteries and veins. the outer layer of the kidney

80
Q

medulla of kidney

A

primary functions (filtering of waste materials and elimination of fluid from the body)

81
Q

ureter of the kidney

A

carries urine from kidney to the bladder

82
Q

renal artery / vein of kidney

A

deoxygenated blood leaves the kidney via renal artery.

oxygenated blood enters the kidney via renal vein.

83
Q

bladder

A

a muscular sack that holds urine

84
Q

5 functions of kidneys

A
  • removal of urea
  • regulation of water levels
  • reabsorption
  • osmoregulation
85
Q

deamination

A

where amino acids are broken down and removed

86
Q

detoxification

A

converting substances such as ammonia, medicines and metabolic waste to something that can be excreted.

87
Q

production of bile

A

aids digestion, stored in the gall bladder

88
Q

homeostasis

A

equilibrium and maintenance of conditions in living organisms

89
Q

why is homeostasis important in humans

A
  • prevents unwanted conditions

- body functions may not occur if conditions are not controlled

90
Q

ischaemic stroke def

A

when blood supply is stopped because of a blood clot

91
Q

haemorrhagic stroke def

A

when a blood vessel supplying the brain bursts

92
Q

stroke

A

more at risk if you have high blood pressure, over weight, have chd, smoke, don’t do enough exercise

  • medication can be used to dissolve blood clots
  • surgery to remove clots
  • rehabilitation may nee required, care at home, speech may affected so therapy may be required, may not be able to go out.

ischeamic stroke - blood clot
haemorrhage stroke - when a blood vessel bursts

93
Q

multipule sclerosis

A

ms is a autoimmune disease and affects mobility.
no cure however medication, physiotherapy and treating relapses may help.
-may require help with day to day living
steroid medication to help with relapses
a ms nurse may help with mobility issues and language therapy

94
Q

diabetes

A

type 1 diabetes is genetic and when your body destroys cells that produce insulin
type 2 diabetes is is when the body docent make enough insulin

more at risk if you are overweight, don’t eat heathy, smoke and don’t exercise.
you need to eat healthier, regular exercise and take blood tests to monitor blood sugar levels.
medication can help keep blood sugar level normal
regular blood tests to monitor blood sugar levels.

95
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

causes kidneys to leak large amount of protein into urine. can lead to swelling of body tissue and higher risk of infection.
can be controlled via steroid medication and dialysis may be appropriate.
reducing salt to prevent water retention
kidney removal may be appropriate so dialysis would be required

96
Q

cirrhosis of the liver

A

scarring of liver tissue and prevents it working properly.
can eventually lead to liver failure
cirrhosis can also occur from fat build ups and the liver can become inflamed and damaged.
teated by steroids
can be detected by scans, biopsy and endoscopy.
no cure but anti viral medication can help
drinking too much alcohol, being infected by hepatitis can cause cirrhosis of the liver
liver transplant or dialysis may be the only option

97
Q

glaucoma

A

when the optic nerve becomes damaged.
fluid builds up in the front of the eye which causes pressure
can be recognised by a eye test
treatments are eye drops, laser therapy, surgery (to drain fluid)

98
Q

amd

A

age related macular degeneration is blurred distorted lines, blindness in the middle of your vision, colour may seem less bright. eye injection can prevent amd getting worse. visual aids may be appropriate.
stop smoking
regular scans
injections

99
Q

cataracts

A

cloudy patches over your eye that makes vision blurry, dark and distorted. surgery is the cure and replaces the lens for a transparent one.

100
Q

retinopathy

A

complication of diabetes and causes damage to the retina at the back of the eye caused by diabetes.
can be diagnosed via a eye test
laser, eye injections and a operation can be used to cure retnopathy.

101
Q

deafness

A 
having hearing aids, implants or learn different ways of communication such as braille.
earwax can be removed
hearing aid
lip reading
implants

health and social unit 4 (1 decks)

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