unit 4 Flashcards
1
Q
what are erythrocytes
A
is a red blood cell with a biconcave disk without a nucleus. they contain the pigment haemoglobin.
2
Q
what are lymphocytes
A
B cells that produce antibodies
T cells that destroy body cells that have been taken over by viruses
3
Q
what are neutrophils
A
a type of blood cell that helps to heal damaged tissues and helps to fight infections
4
Q
what are monocytes
A
type of white blood cell which can differentiate into macrophages and act as part of active immunity. formed in the bone marrow
5
Q
what are platelets
A
a colourless disk without a nucleus that form part of the blood and helps it to clot
6
Q
what is plasma
A
has glucose and nutrients and helps substances carry throughout the blood (acts as a transport system)
7
Q
what are the 5 functions of blood
A
transport temperature regulation exchange of materials within body tissues preventing infection blood clotting
8
Q
what do the atria do
A
the upper chambers in the heart that allow blood to pass from the lungs and the vena cava
9
Q
what do the ventricles do
A
lower chambers that can be filled with fluid. they pump blood from the heart to the body
10
Q
what does the vena cava do
A
it carries deoxygenated blood from lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart
11
Q
what does the pulmonary artery do
A
carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
12
Q
what does the pulmonary vein do
A
carries oxygenated blood from the lugs to the heart
13
Q
what does the aorta do
A
carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the whole body
14
Q
what does the tricuspid valve do
A
a one way valve that prevents back flow from the right ventricle into the right atrium
15
Q
what does the bicuspid valve do
A
prevents back flow
16
Q
what do the semi lunar valves do
A
permit blood to be forced into the arteries and prevent backflow
17
Q
what do the coronary arteries do
A
supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
18
Q
what is a double pump
A
because each half pumps blood around a different circulatory system. the right side pumps blood to the lungs and left side pumps around the whole body
19
Q
what is diastole
A
the phase of the heartbeat where the chambers fill with blood and relax
20
Q
what is systole
A
phase of heartbeat where heart muscles contract and pump blood from ventricles to atrium
21
Q
what is cardiac cycle
A
the full heartbeat including diastole and systole
22
Q
what is the sa node
A
the hearts pacemaker which generates electrical impluses
23
Q
what is the av node
A
electrically connects the atria and ventricles
24
Q
what are purkene fibres
A
fibres that are composed of electrically excitable cells
25
what is a ecg trace
tool designed to asses electrical and muscle functions of the heart
26
what happens in the p of pqrst wave
atrial contraction
27
what happens in the qrs of the pqrst wave
contraction of the ventricles
28
what happens in the t of pqrst wave
relaxation of the ventricles
29
what is the structure of a artery
has smooth tissue to handle high pressure from heart which has a small lumen
30
what is the structure of a vien
thin layer of muscular walls and a large lumen to allow larger volumes of blood to pass through
31
what is the structure of a capillary
small lumen and one cell thick for a short diffusion distance
32
how is tissue fluid formed
high hydrostatic pressure the blood at the arteriole end of the capillary that pushes fluid out of the blood.
33
what is the function of the lymphatic system
transport lymph to fight infection throughout the body. the vessels are connected to lymph nodes where the lymph is filtered.
34
what is a cause of hypertension
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smoking
being overweight
lack of physical activity
poor diet
stress
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35
what is a effect on a individual who has hypertension
lead to other health problems such as other conditions like stroke, heart attack and heart disease
they may be breathless more regularly because they are not getting sufficient amounts of oxygenated blood
exercise more, cut back on alcohol, stop smoking
36
what is a cause of coronary heart disease
when you arteries become blocked with fatty deposits
smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes
37
what is a effect on the individual living with coronary heart disease
regular check up at hospital, lifestyle changes such as eating healthier and exercising regularly. controlling fats and sugar levels. ecg tests
38
what can be used to monitor / treat chd
medication, heart surgery to bypass, blood pressure readings, lifestyle changes
39
what role do the larynx and pharynx
the larynx holds the vocal cords and produces pitch and volume
the pharynx is referred to as the throat and allows air and food to pass through
40
what is the function of the intercostal muscles
responsible for forced inhalation. they raise the ribs and expand the chest cavity
41
what is the function of the pleural membrane
they provide a fluid filled space around the lungs and act as lubrication
42
what happens during inspiration
he diaphragm contracts and pulls downward while the muscles between the ribs contract and pull upward. This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure inside. As a result, air rushes in and fills the lungs.
43
what happens during expiration
he diaphragm relaxes, and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, while the pressure within it increases. As a result, the lungs contract and air is forced out.
44
what is the role of the gall blader
produces bile which breaks down food and fat soluble vitamins
45
what enzymes does the pancreas secrete
enzymes and digestive juices. isulin is also produced here which responds to high blood sugar levels
46
what is mechanical digestion
involves physically breaking down food into smaller pieces eg, chewing food
47
what is chemical digestion
breaking down smaller pieces of food for example via enzymes like salivary enzymes found in the ducal cavity
48
assimilation is
the process of digesting food by a biological process. the liver produces bile which breaks down food
49
irritable bowel syndrome
causes stomach crams, bloating, constipation
-medication, using raw ingredients and better quality ingredients.
when food passes too quickly or too slowly. and water levels are not in equilibrium.
caused by a increased sensitivity to certain foods.
cut down on high fibre foods.
50
gallstones
are stones made of cholesterol and can cause persistent abdominal pain
treated using surgery and are most at risk if you overweight and have high cholesterol
ultrasound can detect gall stones
51
coeliac disease
where the small intestines become inflamed and nutrients may struggle to be absorbed. it occurs because of an allergic reaction to gliadin which is found in gluten. there is no cure however switching to gluten free foods would help.
it is a autoimmune disease and mistakes food containing gluten as a threat to them
vaccinations up to date to prevent because are more vulnerable to infection.
52
the structure of bone
compact bone on the outside
periosteum on the outside of the bone (outside layer)
spongy bone on the inside
bone marrow in the middle of the bone
empiseal line
blood vesicles running throughout the bone
53
example of a ball and socket joint
shoulder, hip
54
example of a hinge joint
elbow, knee
55
example of pivot joint
neck
56
example of a sliding joint
wrist and ankle
57
example of a fixed joint
cranium, pelvis
58
what is the function of muscle in a bone
contract to allow movement
59
function of a ligament
connect bones to bones and tendons
60
function of cartilage
flexible connective tissue. it can bend but resists to stretching
61
function of synovial capsule
secretes fluid to lubricate and nourish joints while acting as a shock absorber
62
arthritis
causes pain and inflammation in a joint. occurs when the cartilage breaks down
it affects the cartilage and makes movement more difficult
no cure but exercise and main relief may help
63
osteoporosis
condition that weakens bones making them fragile and brittle. (bone looks like honeycomb)
scans can detect osteoporosis, blood test
treated using medication and hormone treatment, physiotherapy)
can affect mobility and bones break easier
home adaptions
coping with pain
may need to use wheelchair or walking aid.
64
central nervous system
CNS refers to spine and brain
| main functions are body and mind control
65
peripheral nervous system
nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord
| 3 types of nerve cell which include sensory, relay and motor neurones
66
autonomic system
regulating body functions such as heart rate, blood flow breathing and digestion
67
cerebral cortex
the outer lining of the brain known as they grey matter
68
cerebellum
the ball shaped circle at the bottom of the brain. voluntary movements such as speech, posture and balance
69
frontal lobes
the front of the brain. opposite end to cerebellum. responsible for problem solving and thinking.
70
corpus colloseum
the inner part of the brain covered by the cerebral cortex. integrates all nerve cells (sensory, relay, motor) together.
71
hypothalamus
small region (circle) at the bottom of the brain the secretes hormones and regulates body temperature.
72
medulla oblongata
long stem like structure that makes up part of the brainstem. responsible for involuntary functions such as breathing and controlling heart rate.
73
meninges
membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. its function is protection.
74
the pancreas
releases digestive enzymes into the blood stream to digest food. it also secretes insulin in response to blood sugar levels
75
pituitary
part of negative feedback. secretes enzymes and hormones such as fhs and metabolic hormones.
76
adrenal glands
produce adrenaline in flight or fight responses. they are found above the kidneys
77
thyroid gland
found in your neck and produces thyroxine. it helps in digestion of food and heart, muscle and bone function.
78
hormone definition
a chemical substance that act as messenger molecules in the body to keep conditions in equilibrium.
79
cortex of kidney
provides space for arteries and veins. the outer layer of the kidney
80
medulla of kidney
primary functions (filtering of waste materials and elimination of fluid from the body)
81
ureter of the kidney
carries urine from kidney to the bladder
82
renal artery / vein of kidney
deoxygenated blood leaves the kidney via renal artery.
| oxygenated blood enters the kidney via renal vein.
83
bladder
a muscular sack that holds urine
84
5 functions of kidneys
- removal of urea
- regulation of water levels
- reabsorption
- osmoregulation
85
deamination
where amino acids are broken down and removed
86
detoxification
converting substances such as ammonia, medicines and metabolic waste to something that can be excreted.
87
production of bile
aids digestion, stored in the gall bladder
88
homeostasis
equilibrium and maintenance of conditions in living organisms
89
why is homeostasis important in humans
- prevents unwanted conditions
| - body functions may not occur if conditions are not controlled
90
ischaemic stroke def
when blood supply is stopped because of a blood clot
91
haemorrhagic stroke def
when a blood vessel supplying the brain bursts
92
stroke
more at risk if you have high blood pressure, over weight, have chd, smoke, don't do enough exercise
- medication can be used to dissolve blood clots
- surgery to remove clots
- rehabilitation may nee required, care at home, speech may affected so therapy may be required, may not be able to go out.
ischeamic stroke - blood clot
haemorrhage stroke - when a blood vessel bursts
93
multipule sclerosis
ms is a autoimmune disease and affects mobility.
no cure however medication, physiotherapy and treating relapses may help.
-may require help with day to day living
steroid medication to help with relapses
a ms nurse may help with mobility issues and language therapy
94
diabetes
type 1 diabetes is genetic and when your body destroys cells that produce insulin
type 2 diabetes is is when the body docent make enough insulin
more at risk if you are overweight, don't eat heathy, smoke and don't exercise.
you need to eat healthier, regular exercise and take blood tests to monitor blood sugar levels.
medication can help keep blood sugar level normal
regular blood tests to monitor blood sugar levels.
95
nephrotic syndrome
causes kidneys to leak large amount of protein into urine. can lead to swelling of body tissue and higher risk of infection.
can be controlled via steroid medication and dialysis may be appropriate.
reducing salt to prevent water retention
kidney removal may be appropriate so dialysis would be required
96
cirrhosis of the liver
scarring of liver tissue and prevents it working properly.
can eventually lead to liver failure
cirrhosis can also occur from fat build ups and the liver can become inflamed and damaged.
teated by steroids
can be detected by scans, biopsy and endoscopy.
no cure but anti viral medication can help
drinking too much alcohol, being infected by hepatitis can cause cirrhosis of the liver
liver transplant or dialysis may be the only option
97
glaucoma
when the optic nerve becomes damaged.
fluid builds up in the front of the eye which causes pressure
can be recognised by a eye test
treatments are eye drops, laser therapy, surgery (to drain fluid)
98
amd
age related macular degeneration is blurred distorted lines, blindness in the middle of your vision, colour may seem less bright. eye injection can prevent amd getting worse. visual aids may be appropriate.
stop smoking
regular scans
injections
99
cataracts
cloudy patches over your eye that makes vision blurry, dark and distorted. surgery is the cure and replaces the lens for a transparent one.
100
retinopathy
complication of diabetes and causes damage to the retina at the back of the eye caused by diabetes.
can be diagnosed via a eye test
laser, eye injections and a operation can be used to cure retnopathy.
101
deafness
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having hearing aids, implants or learn different ways of communication such as braille.
earwax can be removed
hearing aid
lip reading
implants
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