Unit 4

Question 1

What are the five P’s that affect the process of labor and birth?

Answer 1

Passenger (fetus and placenta), Passageway (birth canal), Powers (contractions), Position of the mother, and Psychologic response.

Question 2

The fetal skull is composed of how many bones and what are they called?

Answer 2

6, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, the frontal bone, and the occipital bone.

Question 3

The areas where more than two bones meet are called:

Answer 3

Fontanels

Question 4

This fontanel is one of the two most important fontanels, is diamond shaped and closes by 18 months after birth.

Answer 4

The anterior fontanel

Question 5

This fontanel is one of the two most important fontanels, is triangular shaped and closes by 6-8 weeks after birth.

Answer 5

The posterior fontanel

Question 6

Molding can be extensive, but the heads of most newborns assume their normal shape within how many days after birth?

Answer 6

3

Question 7

What refers to the part of the fetus that enters the pelvic inlet first and leads through the birth canal during labor at term.

Answer 7

Presentation

Question 8

What are the three main presentations?

Answer 8

Cephalic (head first) 97%, breech (buttocks, feet, or both first) 3%, and shoulder, 1%.

Question 9

What is the presenting part?

Answer 9

The part of the fetus that lies closest to the internal os of the cervix.

Question 10

What is the presenting part in a cephalic presentation?

Answer 10

Usually the occiput

Question 11

What is the presenting part in a breech presentation?

Answer 11

Sacrum

Question 12

What is the presenting part in a should presentation?

Answer 12

Scapula

Question 13

What is the fetal lie?

Answer 13

The relation of the long axis (spine) of the fetus to the long axis (spine) of the mother.

Question 14

What is denoted by a three later abbreviation?

Answer 14

The position

Question 15

What does the first letter of the position abbreviation stand for?

Answer 15

Denotes the location of the presenting part in the right (R) or left (L) side of the mothers pelvis.

Question 16

What does the middle letter of the position abbreviation stand for?

Answer 16

The specific presenting part of the fetus (O for occiput, S for sacrum, M for mentum [chin], and Sc for scapula.

Question 17

What does the final letter of the position abbreviation stand for?

Answer 17

The location of the presenting part in relation to the anterior (A), posterior (P), or transverse (T) portion of the maternal pelvis.

Question 18

What is the relationship of the presenting fetal part to an imaginary line drawn between the maternal ischial spines and is a measure of the degree of descent of the presenting part of the fetus through the birth canal.

Answer 18

Station

Question 19

What should be determined when labor begins so the rate of descent of fetus during labor can be assessed accurately?

Answer 19

The station

Question 20

What is the term used to indicate that the largest transverse diameter of the presenting part has passed through the maternal pelvic brim or inlet into the true pelvis and usually corresponds to station 0.

Answer 20

Engagement

Question 21

What is the introitus?

Answer 21

The external opening to the vagina.

Question 22

Involuntary and voluntary what combine to expel the fetus and placenta from the uterus?

Answer 22

Powers

Question 23

Involuntary uterine contractions are which power?

Answer 23

Primary

Question 24

Voluntary bearing down efforts of the woman are which power?

Answer 24

Secondary

Question 25

What is the frequency of the uterine contraction?

Answer 25

The time from the beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next.

Question 26

What is the duration of the uterine contraction?

Answer 26

The length of the contraction.

Question 27

What is the intensity of the uterine contraction?

Answer 27

Strength of contraction at its peak.

Question 28

What is responsible for the effacement and dilation of the cervix and descent of the fetus?

Answer 28

The primary powers.

Question 29

What is the shortening and thinning of the cervix during the first stage of labor?

Answer 29

Effacement

Question 30

What of the cervix is the enlargement or widening of the cervical opening and the cervical canal that occurs once labor has begun?

Answer 30

Dilation

Question 31

What marks the end of the first stage of labor?

Answer 31

Full cervical dilation.

Question 32

What of the cervix as a result of prior infection or surgery may slow cervical dilation?

Answer 32

Scarring

Question 33

When stretch receptors in the posterior vagina cause release of endogenous oxytocin, it causes the maternal urge to bear down. What is this called?

Answer 33

Ferguson Reflex

Question 34

What is it called when the uterus sinks downward and forward about 2 weeks before term, when the presenting part of the fetus (usually the fetal head) descends into the true pelvis?

Answer 34

Lightening or dropping

Question 35

What stage of labor is considered to last from the onset of regular uterine contractions to full dilation of the cervix?

Answer 35

First stage

Question 36

What stage of labor lasts from the time the cervix is fully dilated to the birth of the fetus?

Answer 36

Second stage

Question 37

What stage of labor lasts from the birth of the fetus until the placenta is delivered?

Answer 37

Third stage

Question 38

What stage of labor begins with the delivery of the placenta and includes at least the first two hours after birth?

Answer 38

Fourth stage

Question 39

The turns and other adjustments necessary in the human birth process are termed what?

Answer 39

The mechanism of labor

Question 40

What is the average FHR at term?

Answer 40

140 beats/min

Normal is 110-160

Question 41

By the end of the first stage of labor, cardiac output during contractions is increased by how much above baseline pregnancy values at term?

Answer 41

51%