Unit 4 Flashcards
Childbirth
What are the five P’s that affect the process of labor and birth?
Passenger (fetus and placenta), Passageway (birth canal), Powers (contractions), Position of the mother, and Psychologic response.
The fetal skull is composed of how many bones and what are they called?
6, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, the frontal bone, and the occipital bone.
The areas where more than two bones meet are called:
Fontanels
This fontanel is one of the two most important fontanels, is diamond shaped and closes by 18 months after birth.
The anterior fontanel
This fontanel is one of the two most important fontanels, is triangular shaped and closes by 6-8 weeks after birth.
The posterior fontanel
Molding can be extensive, but the heads of most newborns assume their normal shape within how many days after birth?
3
What refers to the part of the fetus that enters the pelvic inlet first and leads through the birth canal during labor at term.
Presentation
What are the three main presentations?
Cephalic (head first) 97%, breech (buttocks, feet, or both first) 3%, and shoulder, 1%.
What is the presenting part?
The part of the fetus that lies closest to the internal os of the cervix.
What is the presenting part in a cephalic presentation?
Usually the occiput
What is the presenting part in a breech presentation?
Sacrum
What is the presenting part in a should presentation?
Scapula
What is the fetal lie?
The relation of the long axis (spine) of the fetus to the long axis (spine) of the mother.
What is denoted by a three later abbreviation?
The position
What does the first letter of the position abbreviation stand for?
Denotes the location of the presenting part in the right (R) or left (L) side of the mothers pelvis.
What does the middle letter of the position abbreviation stand for?
The specific presenting part of the fetus (O for occiput, S for sacrum, M for mentum [chin], and Sc for scapula.
What does the final letter of the position abbreviation stand for?
The location of the presenting part in relation to the anterior (A), posterior (P), or transverse (T) portion of the maternal pelvis.
What is the relationship of the presenting fetal part to an imaginary line drawn between the maternal ischial spines and is a measure of the degree of descent of the presenting part of the fetus through the birth canal.
Station
What should be determined when labor begins so the rate of descent of fetus during labor can be assessed accurately?
The station
What is the term used to indicate that the largest transverse diameter of the presenting part has passed through the maternal pelvic brim or inlet into the true pelvis and usually corresponds to station 0.
Engagement
What is the introitus?
The external opening to the vagina.
Involuntary and voluntary what combine to expel the fetus and placenta from the uterus?
Powers
Involuntary uterine contractions are which power?
Primary
Voluntary bearing down efforts of the woman are which power?
Secondary
What is the frequency of the uterine contraction?
The time from the beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next.
What is the duration of the uterine contraction?
The length of the contraction.
What is the intensity of the uterine contraction?
Strength of contraction at its peak.
What is responsible for the effacement and dilation of the cervix and descent of the fetus?
The primary powers.
What is the shortening and thinning of the cervix during the first stage of labor?
Effacement
What of the cervix is the enlargement or widening of the cervical opening and the cervical canal that occurs once labor has begun?
Dilation
What marks the end of the first stage of labor?
Full cervical dilation.
What of the cervix as a result of prior infection or surgery may slow cervical dilation?
Scarring
When stretch receptors in the posterior vagina cause release of endogenous oxytocin, it causes the maternal urge to bear down. What is this called?
Ferguson Reflex
What is it called when the uterus sinks downward and forward about 2 weeks before term, when the presenting part of the fetus (usually the fetal head) descends into the true pelvis?
Lightening or dropping
What stage of labor is considered to last from the onset of regular uterine contractions to full dilation of the cervix?
First stage
What stage of labor lasts from the time the cervix is fully dilated to the birth of the fetus?
Second stage
What stage of labor lasts from the birth of the fetus until the placenta is delivered?
Third stage
What stage of labor begins with the delivery of the placenta and includes at least the first two hours after birth?
Fourth stage
The turns and other adjustments necessary in the human birth process are termed what?
The mechanism of labor
What is the average FHR at term?
140 beats/min
Normal is 110-160
By the end of the first stage of labor, cardiac output during contractions is increased by how much above baseline pregnancy values at term?
51%
