Unit 4 Flashcards
What are the functions of the cerebellum? (5)
Timing of motor activities
Smooth progression from one rapid muscle movement to another
Controls intensity of contraction with changing loads
Controls coordination between agonist and antagonist muscle groups
Assists in posture and equillibrium
What are the functions of the basal ganglia?
Helps plan and control complex movement patterns
Control relative intensities of separate movements, direction of movement and sequencing of successive and parallel movements to achieve complex motor goals
What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Flocculonodular lobe
What are the 3 cerebellar functions zones?
Vermis
Intermediate zone
Lateral zone
_________ is a cerebral functional zone that is invovled with control of axial body, neck, and hips
Vermis
The vermis in the the central cerebellar funcitonal zone and functions in control of ______, _______, _______ and ______
Axial body, neck, shoulders, hips
__________ is part of the cerebellar functional zones located in the hemispheres and functions in coordinating distal limbs, especially hands and feet
Intermediate zone
________ is a cerebellar functional zone involved in planning of sequential movements with the cerebral cortex
Lateral zone
The cerebellar functional zone, intermediate zone coordinates _______, especially ____ and _____
Distal limbs; especially hands and feet
Lateral zone of cerebellum is involved in ___________
Planning of sequential moments with the cerebral cortex
Cerebellum is connected to rest of brain via the _______, _______ and __________
Superior middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
What is the term for the white matter of the cerebellar anatomy?
Arbor vitae
What are the 2 components of the gray matter of the cerebellum?
Folia of cerebellar cortex
Deep cerebellar nuclei
True or false, the cerebellum does not directly initiate motor contraction
True
Cerebellum receives what from the motor cortex of the brain?
Continuous updated information about the intended motor action
Cerebellum receives continuous sensory information ( proprioception, etc) about ______ and _______ of the body
Position and movement of the body
What does the cerebellum do with intended movements?
Compares actual movement with intended movement then sends corrective signals back into the motor systems
Cerebellum aids cerebral cortex in __________, while the movement is in progress. Needed for _________
Planning sequence of movements
Needed or smooth progression from one to the next
Describe the corticopontocerebellar pathway to the cerebellum
From motor, premotor, somatosensory cortex -> pontine nuclei -> lateral zone of cerebellum
Describe the olivocerebellar pathway to the cerebellum
Motor cortex, basal ganglia, reticular formation, spinal cord -> inferior olive -> all parts of the cerebellum
Describe the vestibulocerbellar tract to the cerebellum
Vestibular apparatus -> flocculonodular lobe or fastigial nucleus ( directly or vis vestibular nuclei)
Describe the reticulocerebellar tract to the cerebellum
Reticular formation -> vermis
Describe the dorsal spinocerebellar tract
Muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, tactile receptors, joint receptors -> ipsilateral vermis and intermediate zones
Describe the ventral spinocerbellar tract ( efference copy)
Efference copy - motor signals that actual arrive at anterior neurons in the cord excite this tract
What are the 3 deep cerebellar nuclei?
Dentate nucleus
Interposed nucleus
Fastigial nucleus
All cerebellar nuclei receive input from two sources, _________ from outside the cerebellum and ______ relaying from the cerebellar cortex
Direct sensory afferents
Indirect sensory sensory afferents
Direct sensory afferents from outside the cerebellum are _______
Indirect sensory afferents relaying from the cerebellar cortex are _______
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Outputs from the cerebellum always originate from ______
One of the deep cerebellar nuclei ( dentate, interposed, fastigial)
_______ is a deep cerebellar nuclei that coordinates sequential motor activities initiated by the cortex
Dentate
What is the indirect input to the dentate nucleus?
Lateral zone of cerebellum
Describe the inputs and outputs of the denate nucleus
Lateral zone -> dentate nucleus-> thalamus -> cerebral cortex
_______ nucleus is a deep cerebellar nucleus that is involved in distal limb coordination between antagonist and agonist muscle movements
Interposed nucleus
what is the indirect input to the interposed nuclei and what is the output?
Input from intermediate zone -> interposed nucleus
Output to all motor areas ( motor cortex, basal ganglia , red nucleus , thalamus, reticular formation
_________ is a deep cerebellar nucleus that functions in association with the vestibular system to maintain equilibrium and posture
Fastigial nucleus
What are the inputs and outputs of the fastigial nucleus?
Inputs : vermis
Output: medulla and pons
What are the input fibers involved in the cerebellum?
Climbing fibers
Mossy fibers
________ fibers all originate from the inferior olives of the medulla
Climbing fibers
Any fibers that enter the cerebellum that don’t originate from the inferior olive are the ______
Mossy fibers
What are 3 types of cells involved in cerebellar circuitry?
Deep nucleus cells
Granule cells
Purkinje cells
_____ cells are excited by direct afferents, inhibited by Purkinje cells (indirect)
Deep nucleus cells
What are the output cells from the cerebellum?
Deep cerebellar nuclei
Deep cerebellar nuclei are excited by ______
Inhibited by ______
Direct afferents
Indirect Purkinje cells
______ cells are stimulated by mossy fibers and synapse with Purkinje cells
Granule cells
Granule cells synapse with __________ and are stimulated by _______
Purkinje cells - synapse
Stimulated by mossy fibers (excitatory)
______ cells are stimulated by granule cells and climbing fibers (from ______)
Granule cells
Climbing fibers from the olive
______ cells inhibit deep cerebellar nuclei
Purkinje cells
________ and ________ stimulate Purkinje cells
Granule cells and climbing fibers
Describe the function of the turn on signal of cerebellum output signal generation
To accentuate the voluntary initiation of movement
Describe the turn on signal of cerebellum output signal generation
Signals from the corticopontocerebellar tract (Mossy fibers) synapse directly with deep nuclear cells whose output sends signals to motor pathway to support corticospinal functions
In the “turn on” signal of the cerebellum:
Signals from the ________ tract (_____) synapse directly with _________ whose output seeds signals to motor pathway to support _______ function
Corticopontocerebellar tract
Mossy fibers
Deep nuclear cells
Corticospinal
Describe the function off the “turn off” signal of cerebellum output signal generation
Functions to time the relaxation of the muscle
In the “turn off” signal of cerebellum:
Mossy fibers synapse with ______ cells with many tiny axons into the ________, and then to ______ cells. ______ cells are inhibitory to the deep cerebellar nuclei which helps stop contraction
Granule cells
Cerebellar cortex
Purkinje cells
Purkinje cells
______ fibers are invovled with cerebellar learning
Climbing fibers
When there is poor match between the intended movement with the actual movement, the ________ fibers become
Climbing fibers
________ modify the timing of the turn on/ turn off mechanism
Climbing fibers
The cerebellum learns how to time the motor skill better via _______ from ______
Climbing fibers from the inferior olive
Describe intention tremor
Failure to prevent “overshoot” makes a person miss the intended target motion, so they have to initiated the opposite movement to compensate which may also overshoot.
Tremor is absent when motion is not initiated
T/F: in intention tremors, the tremor is absent when motion is not initiated
True
________ is the Inability to predict how far a a movement will go
dysmetria
________ is uncoordinated movement such as gait
Ataxia
_______ is the Inability to perform rapid alternating movements
dysdiadochokinesia
_____ is failure to prevent overshoot makes a person miss the intended target motion
Intention tremor
________ is failure of progression in talking
Dysarthria
_______ is lack of muscle tone due to loss of cerebellar facilitation of motor output signals
Hypotonia
_________ is tremor of the eyes with fast phase points to the side of the disease
Cerebellar nystagmus
Gait, rapid alternating movement, finger to nose test, rebound test, heel to shin test are all tests for _______
Cerebellar function
______ test is a cerebellar function test that is more for vestibular or proprioceptive dysfunction
Rhomberg test
What are 5 components of the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Substantia nigra Subthalamic nucleus
_______ and ______ form the lentiform nucleus
Putamen + GP
_______ and ______ make up the corpus striatum
Caudate and lentiform nucleus (Putamen + GP)
What are two neural circuits within the basal ganglia?
Putamen circuit
Caudate circuit
________ is the principle pathway though the basal ganglia for executing learned patterns of behaviors
Putamen circuit
The Putamen circuit has inputs mainly from parts of the brain adjacent to _______ but not the _____ itself
Primary motor cortex
The outputs of the putamen circuit go to the _______, ______ and _____ cortices
Primary, premotor, and supplementary cortices
What is the circuit summary of the Putamen circuit?
Cortex -> Putamen -> GP -> either the SN and Subthalamus OR directly to the thalamus -> motor cortex
_______ is a dysfunction involving the putamen circuit where there is
Writhing movement of. Hand, arm, neck or face.
It is due to lesions of the _________
Athetosis
Lesion of Globus pallidus
Athetosis is due to lesions of the _________. What is athetosis?
Lesion of GP
Writing movement of a hand, arm, neck or face
_______ is a dysfunction of the Putamen circuit where there is sudden flailing movements of the limb.
Due to lesions in the _______
Hemiballismus
Lesions in Subthalamus
Hemiballismus is due to lesions in _______. What is hemiballismus?
Lesions in the Subthalamus
Sudden flailing movements of a limb
_______ is a dysfunction involving the putamen circuit where there is flicking movements of the hands, face and other body parts.
Due to lesions in the _______
Chorea
Lesions in putamen
_________ is a dysfunction involving the putamen circuit where there is rigidity, akinesia, and resting tremors.
Due to lesions in the ________
Parkinsonism
Lesions in the substantia nigra
________ circuit of the basal ganglia is associated with cognitive control of motor activity
Caudate
What is the caudate circuit associated with?
Cognitive control of motor activity
What are examples of the cognitive control of motor activity associated with the caudate circuit?
Thinking process, integrating sensory input and memory
“Spatial working memory” + motor behavior
Spatial working memory + motor behavior is an activity associated with the ________
Caudate circuit
The caudate revives widespread _____ and _______ input
Motor and sensory
The output from the caudate goes mainly to the ______, ______ and _______ areas
Prefrontal, premotor and supplemental motor areas
Describe the caudate circuit pathway
Cortex-> caudate -> globus pallidus -> thalamus -> frontal cortex
The ______ helps in translation from small to large scale motions of a specific activity such as writing large or small
Basal ganglia
______ is important for quick decisions based on past memory.
Caudate nucleus
______ and _____ are important inhibitory neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia. What are inhibitory NT important for?
GABA and Dopamine
Stabilize motor control systems
_______ is an excitatory NT in the basal ganglia
Glutamate
______ is a diseases that effects the nerve cells in the brain and causes tremors, poor corindaiton and problems walking and moving
Parkinson’s disease
What are some symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
Rigidity and trembling of head Forward tilt of trunk Reduced arm swinging Shuffling gait with short steps Rigidity and trembling of extremities
What are 3 hall mark symptoms of Huntington’s disease?
Motor symptoms (chorea)
Psychiatric symptoms
Cognitive symptoms
________ ( _______, ____) is involved in maintaining tone of body for standing and maintaining equilibrium by responding to changes in equilibrium
Hindbrain (vestibular, reticular formation)
_______ sends motor signals to cord for direct control or activation of local spinal patterns
Corticospinal
When working with the brain stem, the cerebellum can respond to stretch by ________
Accentuating contractions
When working with the brainstem, the cerebellum helps control _______ especially during _______
Control posture especially during movement
When working with the cortex, the cerebellum helps to initiate and stop _________
Planned motor movements
Generally, the cerebellum improves performance when doing _______ movements
Rapid movements
_______ Movements can be performed fairly well with cerebellar damage
Slow movements
What are 3 types of neurons in the cerebral cortex?
Granular
Fusiform
Pyramidal
Describe granular (stellate) cells
(interneurons funciton within the cortex)
Short axons
Some are excitatory (glutamate) some are inhibitory (GABA)
_____ cells are concentrated in areas needing a lot of processing (sensory and association cortices)
Granular (stellate)
____ are cortical cells that are output fibers that go all the way to the spinal cord or to association fibers that pass to more distant brain areas and are large and numerous
Pyramidal
_____ are less numerous than pyramidal cells nand are also output neurons from the cortex
Fusiform
Most incoming sensory signals in the cortex terminate in layer ____
Most output leave the cortex from neurons in layers ___ and ___
Of the output neurons from Layer ___ goes to brainstem or cord and from Layer ____ goes to Thalamus
Layer IV - sensory
Output -layer V and layer VI
Layer V to brainstem and cord
Layer VI to thalamus
Intracortical association occurs in layers ___, __,__ of the cortex
I, II, III
Most of the areas of the brain have 2 way connections with the _______
Thalamus
All sensory pathways pass through the thalamus except ______
Some olfactory pathways
Primary motor area are involved with ______
Secondary motor areas ( ________ and _______)are involved with ____
Primary motor - direct control of muscles
Secondary- supplementary and premotor areas; provide patterns of motor activity
Primary sensory detect _____
Secondary sensory are involved with ______
Primary sensory- detect specific sensations
Secondary- meaning of sensory signals
What is the function of association areas?
Receive and analyze signals from multiple regions of both motor and sensory cortices
What are 3 important association areas?
area
Prefrontal association area
Parietooccipital association
Limbic Association area
______ lies at the junction between somatosensory cortex, visual cortex and auditory cortex
Parietooccipital Association area
______ is involved in spatial coordination of the body and its surroundings
Upper parietooccipital cortex
____ is invovled in language comprehension, it’s a general area “gnostic area”. Especially developed in left side in most ppl
Wernickes area
____ is the site for initial processing for reading ; dyslexia connection
Angular gyrus
______ is an area for naming objects that are seeds
Anterior-Lateral occipital and Posterior temporal lobe
____ helps plan complex patterns and sequences of motor movements
Prefrontal Association area
Prefrontal Association area receives a lot of input from _____
Output is processed by ____ and ____ then back to motor cortex
Input- parietooccipital cortex
Out put processed by basal ganglia and thalamus
What are major functions of the prefrontal Association area
Thought
Non motor types of thinking
Short term working memory
Elaboration of thought
Non motor types of thinking, short term working memory and elaboration of thought are major functions of the ____ area
Prefrontal Association area
_________ area plans motor pattern to control speech activity and requires the help of _________ area
Broca’s area
Wernickes area
What are the 3 locations in the brain where the limbic association area is?
Anterior end of temporal lobe
Ventral frontal lobe
Cingulate gyrus
What are the 3 functions of the limbic Association area?
Behavior, emotions and motivation, desire for learning
_______ is the inability to recognize faces
Prosopagnosia
________ is near the occipital cortex for vision and limbic system for emotion
Facial recognition
Loss of _______ areas cause auditory receptive aphasia (word deafness)
Loss of auditory association area
Loss of auditory association areas cause _______
Auditory receptive aphasia (word deafness)
Loss of visual association areas cause _______
Visual receptive aphasia (word blindness; dyslexia)
_________ is a problem with interpreting both written and spoken word; particularly in the dominant hemisphere
Wernickes aphasia
Global aphasia is when lesion exte3nds beyond wernickes area and includes the __________, _______ and _______
Angular gyrus
Inferior temporal areas
Superiorly involving more of the parietal lobe
________ is when the person is totally incapable of understanding any kind of communication
Global aphasia
_______ area is necessary to choose words so is important in ______ output
Wernickes area
Motor
_________ is when one can decide what to say but lacks the coordination to control the vocal system to emit words
Broca’s aphasia
________ interconnects most of the left and right hemisphere except anterior parts
Corpus callosum
Corpus callosum interconnects most of the left and right hemisphere except ______ parts
Anterior
What is the result of cutting the corpus callosum?
Doesn’t allow intellectual function of Wernicke’s area to be aware of somatic/visual information from the other side and vice versa
The anterior commissure interconnects _______ and _______
Anterior temporal lobes and amygdala
What is the function of the anterior commissure?
Unifies the emotional responses of the two sides of brain
According to the holistic theory, what areas are involved in thought? (4)
Many areas of cortex
Thalamus
Limbic systems
Reticular formation
How is the lower brain involved in thought?
It determines the general nature of the thought. (Pleasure, unpleasantness, pain, comfort)
What aspects of thought are components of the upper brain?
More elaborate and specific (localization of sensations, field of vision, texture of objects, recognition of objects)
__________ is our continuing stream of awareness of either our surroundings or our sequential thoughts
Consciousness
Memory involves changes in ________. Once established, a thinking mind can reproduce the pathway called a _________
Neural pathways
Memory trace
_______ is incoming information that is important ( induces pain or pleasure) is likely to the “facilitated” so that it is stored
Positive memory
What is another name for positive memory?
Sensitization
________ memory is when incoming information of little consequence is “inhibited” and not stored
Negative memory (habituation)
What is another name for negative memory?
Habituation
______ memory- seconds to minutes
_____ memory - many minutes to weeks
______ memory - years to lifetime
Short term
Intermediate long term
Long term
_______ memory can be short term, intermediate long term or long term memory that is in conscious usage at the current moment
Working memory
_________ memory is memory of an experience ( where, why, when, how of an event)
Declarative memory
_________ memory is motor skill based on previous learning
Skill memory
What are two possible mechanisms of short term memory
Continual neural activity resulting from a reverberating circuit
Presynaptic facilitation or inhibition
Presynaptic inhibition and facilitation involved in _______ leads to _________ changes
Short term memory
Short term ion channel changes
What are 2 mechanisms of intermediate long term memory?
Presynaptic facilitation effects
Post synaptic facilitation
Describe presynaptic inhibition and facilitation involved in short term memory
Presynaptic inhibition - GABA release -> inactivation of Ca 2+ ion channels -> less calcium enters -> less NT released
Presynaptic facilitation -
Serotonin released from facilitating neuron activates the Ca2+ channels -> more Ca2+ and more NT release
End result is short term ion channel changes
Describe the mechanism of presynaptic facilitation associated with intermediate long term memory
Serotonin is released from facilitating neuron-> activation of cAMP -> opening of Ca+ channels
Long term memory involves _______ in synapses as well as _______
Structural changes
Chemical changes
In long term memory, what are the 4 structural and chemical changes that occur in the synapse
Increase in vesicle release sites
Increase transmitter vesicles
Increase in number of presynaptic terminals structural changes in dendritic spines to be more sensitive
