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Neurophysiology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum? (5)

A

Timing of motor activities
Smooth progression from one rapid muscle movement to another
Controls intensity of contraction with changing loads
Controls coordination between agonist and antagonist muscle groups
Assists in posture and equillibrium

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2
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Helps plan and control complex movement patterns
Control relative intensities of separate movements, direction of movement and sequencing of successive and parallel movements to achieve complex motor goals

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3
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Flocculonodular lobe

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4
Q

What are the 3 cerebellar functions zones?

A

Vermis
Intermediate zone
Lateral zone

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5
Q

_________ is a cerebral functional zone that is invovled with control of axial body, neck, and hips

A

Vermis

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6
Q

The vermis in the the central cerebellar funcitonal zone and functions in control of ______, _______, _______ and ______

A

Axial body, neck, shoulders, hips

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7
Q

__________ is part of the cerebellar functional zones located in the hemispheres and functions in coordinating distal limbs, especially hands and feet

A

Intermediate zone

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8
Q

________ is a cerebellar functional zone involved in planning of sequential movements with the cerebral cortex

A

Lateral zone

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9
Q

The cerebellar functional zone, intermediate zone coordinates _______, especially ____ and _____

A

Distal limbs; especially hands and feet

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10
Q

Lateral zone of cerebellum is involved in ___________

A

Planning of sequential moments with the cerebral cortex

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11
Q

Cerebellum is connected to rest of brain via the _______, _______ and __________

A

Superior middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles

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12
Q

What is the term for the white matter of the cerebellar anatomy?

A

Arbor vitae

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13
Q

What are the 2 components of the gray matter of the cerebellum?

A

Folia of cerebellar cortex

Deep cerebellar nuclei

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14
Q

True or false, the cerebellum does not directly initiate motor contraction

A

True

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15
Q

Cerebellum receives what from the motor cortex of the brain?

A

Continuous updated information about the intended motor action

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16
Q

Cerebellum receives continuous sensory information ( proprioception, etc) about ______ and _______ of the body

A

Position and movement of the body

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17
Q

What does the cerebellum do with intended movements?

A

Compares actual movement with intended movement then sends corrective signals back into the motor systems

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18
Q

Cerebellum aids cerebral cortex in __________, while the movement is in progress. Needed for _________

A

Planning sequence of movements

Needed or smooth progression from one to the next

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19
Q

Describe the corticopontocerebellar pathway to the cerebellum

A

From motor, premotor, somatosensory cortex -> pontine nuclei -> lateral zone of cerebellum

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20
Q

Describe the olivocerebellar pathway to the cerebellum

A

Motor cortex, basal ganglia, reticular formation, spinal cord -> inferior olive -> all parts of the cerebellum

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21
Q

Describe the vestibulocerbellar tract to the cerebellum

A

Vestibular apparatus -> flocculonodular lobe or fastigial nucleus ( directly or vis vestibular nuclei)

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22
Q

Describe the reticulocerebellar tract to the cerebellum

A

Reticular formation -> vermis

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23
Q

Describe the dorsal spinocerebellar tract

A

Muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, tactile receptors, joint receptors -> ipsilateral vermis and intermediate zones

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24
Q

Describe the ventral spinocerbellar tract ( efference copy)

A

Efference copy - motor signals that actual arrive at anterior neurons in the cord excite this tract

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25
Q

What are the 3 deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

Dentate nucleus
Interposed nucleus
Fastigial nucleus

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26
Q

All cerebellar nuclei receive input from two sources, _________ from outside the cerebellum and ______ relaying from the cerebellar cortex

A

Direct sensory afferents

Indirect sensory sensory afferents

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27
Q

Direct sensory afferents from outside the cerebellum are _______
Indirect sensory afferents relaying from the cerebellar cortex are _______

A

Excitatory

Inhibitory

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28
Q

Outputs from the cerebellum always originate from ______

A

One of the deep cerebellar nuclei ( dentate, interposed, fastigial)

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29
Q

_______ is a deep cerebellar nuclei that coordinates sequential motor activities initiated by the cortex

A

Dentate

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30
Q

What is the indirect input to the dentate nucleus?

A

Lateral zone of cerebellum

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31
Q

Describe the inputs and outputs of the denate nucleus

A

Lateral zone -> dentate nucleus-> thalamus -> cerebral cortex

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32
Q

_______ nucleus is a deep cerebellar nucleus that is involved in distal limb coordination between antagonist and agonist muscle movements

A

Interposed nucleus

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33
Q

what is the indirect input to the interposed nuclei and what is the output?

A

Input from intermediate zone -> interposed nucleus

Output to all motor areas ( motor cortex, basal ganglia , red nucleus , thalamus, reticular formation

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34
Q

_________ is a deep cerebellar nucleus that functions in association with the vestibular system to maintain equilibrium and posture

A

Fastigial nucleus

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35
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the fastigial nucleus?

A

Inputs : vermis

Output: medulla and pons

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36
Q

What are the input fibers involved in the cerebellum?

A

Climbing fibers

Mossy fibers

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37
Q

________ fibers all originate from the inferior olives of the medulla

A

Climbing fibers

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38
Q

Any fibers that enter the cerebellum that don’t originate from the inferior olive are the ______

A

Mossy fibers

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39
Q

What are 3 types of cells involved in cerebellar circuitry?

A

Deep nucleus cells
Granule cells
Purkinje cells

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40
Q

_____ cells are excited by direct afferents, inhibited by Purkinje cells (indirect)

A

Deep nucleus cells

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41
Q

What are the output cells from the cerebellum?

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei

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42
Q

Deep cerebellar nuclei are excited by ______

Inhibited by ______

A

Direct afferents

Indirect Purkinje cells

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43
Q

______ cells are stimulated by mossy fibers and synapse with Purkinje cells

A

Granule cells

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44
Q

Granule cells synapse with __________ and are stimulated by _______

A

Purkinje cells - synapse

Stimulated by mossy fibers (excitatory)

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45
Q

______ cells are stimulated by granule cells and climbing fibers (from ______)

A

Granule cells

Climbing fibers from the olive

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46
Q

______ cells inhibit deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Purkinje cells

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47
Q

________ and ________ stimulate Purkinje cells

A

Granule cells and climbing fibers

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48
Q

Describe the function of the turn on signal of cerebellum output signal generation

A

To accentuate the voluntary initiation of movement

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49
Q

Describe the turn on signal of cerebellum output signal generation

A

Signals from the corticopontocerebellar tract (Mossy fibers) synapse directly with deep nuclear cells whose output sends signals to motor pathway to support corticospinal functions

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50
Q

In the “turn on” signal of the cerebellum:
Signals from the ________ tract (_____) synapse directly with _________ whose output seeds signals to motor pathway to support _______ function

A

Corticopontocerebellar tract
Mossy fibers
Deep nuclear cells
Corticospinal

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51
Q

Describe the function off the “turn off” signal of cerebellum output signal generation

A

Functions to time the relaxation of the muscle

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52
Q

In the “turn off” signal of cerebellum:
Mossy fibers synapse with ______ cells with many tiny axons into the ________, and then to ______ cells. ______ cells are inhibitory to the deep cerebellar nuclei which helps stop contraction

A

Granule cells
Cerebellar cortex
Purkinje cells
Purkinje cells

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53
Q

______ fibers are invovled with cerebellar learning

A

Climbing fibers

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54
Q

When there is poor match between the intended movement with the actual movement, the ________ fibers become

A

Climbing fibers

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55
Q

________ modify the timing of the turn on/ turn off mechanism

A

Climbing fibers

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56
Q

The cerebellum learns how to time the motor skill better via _______ from ______

A

Climbing fibers from the inferior olive

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57
Q

Describe intention tremor

A

Failure to prevent “overshoot” makes a person miss the intended target motion, so they have to initiated the opposite movement to compensate which may also overshoot.
Tremor is absent when motion is not initiated

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58
Q

T/F: in intention tremors, the tremor is absent when motion is not initiated

A

True

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59
Q

________ is the Inability to predict how far a a movement will go

A

dysmetria

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60
Q

________ is uncoordinated movement such as gait

A

Ataxia

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61
Q

_______ is the Inability to perform rapid alternating movements

A

dysdiadochokinesia

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62
Q

_____ is failure to prevent overshoot makes a person miss the intended target motion

A

Intention tremor

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63
Q

________ is failure of progression in talking

A

Dysarthria

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64
Q

_______ is lack of muscle tone due to loss of cerebellar facilitation of motor output signals

A

Hypotonia

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65
Q

_________ is tremor of the eyes with fast phase points to the side of the disease

A

Cerebellar nystagmus

66
Q

Gait, rapid alternating movement, finger to nose test, rebound test, heel to shin test are all tests for _______

A

Cerebellar function

67
Q

______ test is a cerebellar function test that is more for vestibular or proprioceptive dysfunction

A

Rhomberg test

68
Q

What are 5 components of the basal ganglia?

A 
Caudate nucleus 
Putamen
Globus pallidus 
Substantia nigra 
Subthalamic nucleus
69
Q

_______ and ______ form the lentiform nucleus

A

Putamen + GP

70
Q

_______ and ______ make up the corpus striatum

A

Caudate and lentiform nucleus (Putamen + GP)

71
Q

What are two neural circuits within the basal ganglia?

A

Putamen circuit

Caudate circuit

72
Q

________ is the principle pathway though the basal ganglia for executing learned patterns of behaviors

A

Putamen circuit

73
Q

The Putamen circuit has inputs mainly from parts of the brain adjacent to _______ but not the _____ itself

A

Primary motor cortex

74
Q

The outputs of the putamen circuit go to the _______, ______ and _____ cortices

A

Primary, premotor, and supplementary cortices

75
Q

What is the circuit summary of the Putamen circuit?

A

Cortex -> Putamen -> GP -> either the SN and Subthalamus OR directly to the thalamus -> motor cortex

76
Q

_______ is a dysfunction involving the putamen circuit where there is
Writhing movement of. Hand, arm, neck or face.
It is due to lesions of the _________

A

Athetosis

Lesion of Globus pallidus

77
Q

Athetosis is due to lesions of the _________. What is athetosis?

A

Lesion of GP

Writing movement of a hand, arm, neck or face

78
Q

_______ is a dysfunction of the Putamen circuit where there is sudden flailing movements of the limb.
Due to lesions in the _______

A

Hemiballismus

Lesions in Subthalamus

79
Q

Hemiballismus is due to lesions in _______. What is hemiballismus?

A

Lesions in the Subthalamus

Sudden flailing movements of a limb

80
Q

_______ is a dysfunction involving the putamen circuit where there is flicking movements of the hands, face and other body parts.
Due to lesions in the _______

A

Chorea

Lesions in putamen

81
Q

_________ is a dysfunction involving the putamen circuit where there is rigidity, akinesia, and resting tremors.
Due to lesions in the ________

A

Parkinsonism

Lesions in the substantia nigra

82
Q

________ circuit of the basal ganglia is associated with cognitive control of motor activity

A

Caudate

83
Q

What is the caudate circuit associated with?

A

Cognitive control of motor activity

84
Q

What are examples of the cognitive control of motor activity associated with the caudate circuit?

A

Thinking process, integrating sensory input and memory

“Spatial working memory” + motor behavior

85
Q

Spatial working memory + motor behavior is an activity associated with the ________

A

Caudate circuit

86
Q

The caudate revives widespread _____ and _______ input

A

Motor and sensory

87
Q

The output from the caudate goes mainly to the ______, ______ and _______ areas

A

Prefrontal, premotor and supplemental motor areas

88
Q

Describe the caudate circuit pathway

A

Cortex-> caudate -> globus pallidus -> thalamus -> frontal cortex

89
Q

The ______ helps in translation from small to large scale motions of a specific activity such as writing large or small

A

Basal ganglia

90
Q

______ is important for quick decisions based on past memory.

A

Caudate nucleus

91
Q

______ and _____ are important inhibitory neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia. What are inhibitory NT important for?

A

GABA and Dopamine

Stabilize motor control systems

92
Q

_______ is an excitatory NT in the basal ganglia

A

Glutamate

93
Q

______ is a diseases that effects the nerve cells in the brain and causes tremors, poor corindaiton and problems walking and moving

A

Parkinson’s disease

94
Q

What are some symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A 
Rigidity and trembling of head
Forward tilt of trunk 
Reduced arm swinging 
Shuffling gait with short steps 
Rigidity and trembling of extremities
95
Q

What are 3 hall mark symptoms of Huntington’s disease?

A

Motor symptoms (chorea)
Psychiatric symptoms
Cognitive symptoms

96
Q

________ ( _______, ____) is involved in maintaining tone of body for standing and maintaining equilibrium by responding to changes in equilibrium

A

Hindbrain (vestibular, reticular formation)

97
Q

_______ sends motor signals to cord for direct control or activation of local spinal patterns

A

Corticospinal

98
Q

When working with the brain stem, the cerebellum can respond to stretch by ________

A

Accentuating contractions

99
Q

When working with the brainstem, the cerebellum helps control _______ especially during _______

A

Control posture especially during movement

100
Q

When working with the cortex, the cerebellum helps to initiate and stop _________

A

Planned motor movements

101
Q

Generally, the cerebellum improves performance when doing _______ movements

A

Rapid movements

102
Q

_______ Movements can be performed fairly well with cerebellar damage

A

Slow movements

103
Q

What are 3 types of neurons in the cerebral cortex?

A

Granular
Fusiform
Pyramidal

104
Q

Describe granular (stellate) cells

A

(interneurons funciton within the cortex)
Short axons
Some are excitatory (glutamate) some are inhibitory (GABA)

105
Q

_____ cells are concentrated in areas needing a lot of processing (sensory and association cortices)

A

Granular (stellate)

106
Q

____ are cortical cells that are output fibers that go all the way to the spinal cord or to association fibers that pass to more distant brain areas and are large and numerous

A

Pyramidal

107
Q

_____ are less numerous than pyramidal cells nand are also output neurons from the cortex

A

Fusiform

108
Q

Most incoming sensory signals in the cortex terminate in layer ____
Most output leave the cortex from neurons in layers ___ and ___
Of the output neurons from Layer ___ goes to brainstem or cord and from Layer ____ goes to Thalamus

A

Layer IV - sensory
Output -layer V and layer VI
Layer V to brainstem and cord
Layer VI to thalamus

109
Q

Intracortical association occurs in layers ___, __,__ of the cortex

A

I, II, III

110
Q

Most of the areas of the brain have 2 way connections with the _______

A

Thalamus

111
Q

All sensory pathways pass through the thalamus except ______

A

Some olfactory pathways

112
Q

Primary motor area are involved with ______

Secondary motor areas ( ________ and _______)are involved with ____

A

Primary motor - direct control of muscles

Secondary- supplementary and premotor areas; provide patterns of motor activity

113
Q

Primary sensory detect _____

Secondary sensory are involved with ______

A

Primary sensory- detect specific sensations

Secondary- meaning of sensory signals

114
Q

What is the function of association areas?

A

Receive and analyze signals from multiple regions of both motor and sensory cortices

115
Q

What are 3 important association areas?

A

area
Prefrontal association area
Parietooccipital association
Limbic Association area

116
Q

______ lies at the junction between somatosensory cortex, visual cortex and auditory cortex

A

Parietooccipital Association area

117
Q

______ is involved in spatial coordination of the body and its surroundings

A

Upper parietooccipital cortex

118
Q

____ is invovled in language comprehension, it’s a general area “gnostic area”. Especially developed in left side in most ppl

A

Wernickes area

119
Q

____ is the site for initial processing for reading ; dyslexia connection

A

Angular gyrus

120
Q

______ is an area for naming objects that are seeds

A

Anterior-Lateral occipital and Posterior temporal lobe

121
Q

____ helps plan complex patterns and sequences of motor movements

A

Prefrontal Association area

122
Q

Prefrontal Association area receives a lot of input from _____
Output is processed by ____ and ____ then back to motor cortex

A

Input- parietooccipital cortex

Out put processed by basal ganglia and thalamus

123
Q

What are major functions of the prefrontal Association area

A

Thought
Non motor types of thinking
Short term working memory
Elaboration of thought

124
Q

Non motor types of thinking, short term working memory and elaboration of thought are major functions of the ____ area

A

Prefrontal Association area

125
Q

_________ area plans motor pattern to control speech activity and requires the help of _________ area

A

Broca’s area

Wernickes area

126
Q

What are the 3 locations in the brain where the limbic association area is?

A

Anterior end of temporal lobe
Ventral frontal lobe
Cingulate gyrus

127
Q

What are the 3 functions of the limbic Association area?

A

Behavior, emotions and motivation, desire for learning

128
Q

_______ is the inability to recognize faces

A

Prosopagnosia

129
Q

________ is near the occipital cortex for vision and limbic system for emotion

A

Facial recognition

130
Q

Loss of _______ areas cause auditory receptive aphasia (word deafness)

A

Loss of auditory association area

131
Q

Loss of auditory association areas cause _______

A

Auditory receptive aphasia (word deafness)

132
Q

Loss of visual association areas cause _______

A

Visual receptive aphasia (word blindness; dyslexia)

133
Q

_________ is a problem with interpreting both written and spoken word; particularly in the dominant hemisphere

A

Wernickes aphasia

134
Q

Global aphasia is when lesion exte3nds beyond wernickes area and includes the __________, _______ and _______

A

Angular gyrus
Inferior temporal areas
Superiorly involving more of the parietal lobe

135
Q

________ is when the person is totally incapable of understanding any kind of communication

A

Global aphasia

136
Q

_______ area is necessary to choose words so is important in ______ output

A

Wernickes area

Motor

137
Q

_________ is when one can decide what to say but lacks the coordination to control the vocal system to emit words

A

Broca’s aphasia

138
Q

________ interconnects most of the left and right hemisphere except anterior parts

A

Corpus callosum

139
Q

Corpus callosum interconnects most of the left and right hemisphere except ______ parts

A

Anterior

140
Q

What is the result of cutting the corpus callosum?

A

Doesn’t allow intellectual function of Wernicke’s area to be aware of somatic/visual information from the other side and vice versa

141
Q

The anterior commissure interconnects _______ and _______

A

Anterior temporal lobes and amygdala

142
Q

What is the function of the anterior commissure?

A

Unifies the emotional responses of the two sides of brain

143
Q

According to the holistic theory, what areas are involved in thought? (4)

A

Many areas of cortex
Thalamus
Limbic systems
Reticular formation

144
Q

How is the lower brain involved in thought?

A

It determines the general nature of the thought. (Pleasure, unpleasantness, pain, comfort)

145
Q

What aspects of thought are components of the upper brain?

A

More elaborate and specific (localization of sensations, field of vision, texture of objects, recognition of objects)

146
Q

__________ is our continuing stream of awareness of either our surroundings or our sequential thoughts

A

Consciousness

147
Q

Memory involves changes in ________. Once established, a thinking mind can reproduce the pathway called a _________

A

Neural pathways

Memory trace

148
Q

_______ is incoming information that is important ( induces pain or pleasure) is likely to the “facilitated” so that it is stored

A

Positive memory

149
Q

What is another name for positive memory?

A

Sensitization

150
Q

________ memory is when incoming information of little consequence is “inhibited” and not stored

A

Negative memory (habituation)

151
Q

What is another name for negative memory?

A

Habituation

152
Q

______ memory- seconds to minutes
_____ memory - many minutes to weeks
______ memory - years to lifetime

A

Short term
Intermediate long term
Long term

153
Q

_______ memory can be short term, intermediate long term or long term memory that is in conscious usage at the current moment

A

Working memory

154
Q

_________ memory is memory of an experience ( where, why, when, how of an event)

A

Declarative memory

155
Q

_________ memory is motor skill based on previous learning

A

Skill memory

156
Q

What are two possible mechanisms of short term memory

A

Continual neural activity resulting from a reverberating circuit

Presynaptic facilitation or inhibition

157
Q

Presynaptic inhibition and facilitation involved in _______ leads to _________ changes

A

Short term memory

Short term ion channel changes

158
Q

What are 2 mechanisms of intermediate long term memory?

A

Presynaptic facilitation effects

Post synaptic facilitation

159
Q

Describe presynaptic inhibition and facilitation involved in short term memory

A

Presynaptic inhibition - GABA release -> inactivation of Ca 2+ ion channels -> less calcium enters -> less NT released

Presynaptic facilitation -
Serotonin released from facilitating neuron activates the Ca2+ channels -> more Ca2+ and more NT release

End result is short term ion channel changes

160
Q

Describe the mechanism of presynaptic facilitation associated with intermediate long term memory

A

Serotonin is released from facilitating neuron-> activation of cAMP -> opening of Ca+ channels

161
Q

Long term memory involves _______ in synapses as well as _______

A

Structural changes

Chemical changes

162
Q

In long term memory, what are the 4 structural and chemical changes that occur in the synapse

A

Increase in vesicle release sites
Increase transmitter vesicles
Increase in number of presynaptic terminals structural changes in dendritic spines to be more sensitive

Neurophysiology (4 decks)

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