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Earth Science Unit 6 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Force

A

A push or pull exerted on an object

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2
Q

Mass

A

A measure of the amount of matter on object contains nd it’s resistance to movement

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3
Q

Volume

A

The amount of space that matter occupies

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4
Q

Stress

A

A force that acts on rock to change it’s shape or volume

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5
Q

Example of stress

A

Forces created by plate movement

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6
Q

Expression: stress

A

Force per unit area

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7
Q

Because stress BLANK as force BLANK, stress adds BLANK to the rock

A

Increases, increases, energy

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8
Q

Where is the energy from stress stored?

A

In the rock until the rock changes shape or it breaks

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9
Q

Types of stress

A

Tension, Compression, and Shearing work over millions of years to change the shape and volume of rock

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10
Q

Tension

A
  • Pulls on the crust, stretching rock so tat it becomes thinner in the middle
  • This increases the volume and decreases the density of rocks
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11
Q

Compression

A

The stress in which squeezes the rock until it folds or breaks. This causes the crustal rocks to move closer together, making the particles tightly packed together resulting in smaller volume

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12
Q

Shearing

A
  • pushes a mass of rock in 2 opposite directions

- The density and volume stays the same because they are just moved/slipped in opposite directions

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13
Q

What are geological structures?

A

The physical shapes produced after rocks have been subjected to various stresses

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14
Q

What type of stress is related to a convergent boundary?

A

Compressive stress

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15
Q

What type of stress is related to Divergent boundaries?

A

Tensional stress

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16
Q

What type of stress is related to Transform boundaries?

A

Shear stress

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17
Q

What happens to silly putty when compressed over time?

A

Over time, the putty slowly deforms and even flows. However when silly putty is compressed quickly in a short mount of time, the putty breaks or even fractures.

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18
Q

How is silly putty an analogy for rocks?

A

Similarly, rocks can flow or fracture depending on…

  1. Temperature
  2. Pressure
  3. Composition
  4. Rate and magnitude of the stress applied
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19
Q

Strain

A

The way in which a rock deforms in response to stress

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20
Q

What are the three types of stress?

A
  1. Brittle: breaking or fracturing
  2. Ductile: flowing like plastic or thick fluid
  3. Elastic: bending or deforming
21
Q

What happens when the stress is released from elastic strain?

A

The rock will go back to it’s original shape with NO PERMANENT deformation

22
Q

What do brittle deformations cause?

A

Faults

23
Q

What are faults?

A

A break across rocks which movement has occurred

24
Q

What happens to the hanging wall as a result of all compressive forces?

A

It goes up relative t the footwall

25
Q

What is the difference between a reverse fault and a thrust fault?

A

A reverse fault occurs more horizontal and faster

26
Q

What does a break in a fault cause?

A

Earthquakes

27
Q

Can scientists locate every strike-slip fault? Explain

A

No, because of blind faults, which are faults that don’t appear to the surface.

28
Q

What do strike-slip faults look like at the surface?

A

Long linear lines/scars

29
Q

What are two types of strike-slip faults?

A

Right lateral: no matter which side you stand on, it moves to the right
Left lateral: the opposite side always moves to the left

30
Q

What are three landforms generally associated with strike-slip faults?

A

A. Offset streams
B. Sag ponds
C. Minor uplift

31
Q

What are slickenslides?

A

Scrapes on polished surfaces

32
Q

In a normal fault which direction does the hanging wall move relative to the footwall?

A

The hanging wall moves/slips down relative to the footwall.

33
Q

In a reverse fault, which direction does the hanging wall move relative to the footwall?

A

The hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall

34
Q

When do faults form?

A

Faults form when so much stress is built up in the rock, it ultimately ends up breaking due the high level of stress

35
Q

What happens when forces are applied to solid matters?

A

They may bend or break. When they bend, they create folds, and when they break they create faults.

36
Q

How do folds form?

A

Folds are bends in rock that form when compression shortens and thickens Earth’s crust.

37
Q

Earthquake

A

Shocking of the Earth caused by sudden motions along fractions in the Earth’s crust

38
Q

Fault

A

Cause the movement of Earthquakes

39
Q

Focus

A

The point within/inside the Earth where the Earthquake slip begins

40
Q

Epicenter

A

Location directly above the Focus point on Earth

41
Q

What are seismic waves?

A

Vibrations that are similar to sound waves. They travel through Earth carrying energy released by an Earthquake.

42
Q

What are the 3 main categories of Seismic Waves?

A
  1. P waves (primary)
  2. S waves (secondary)
  3. Surface waves
43
Q

What might P waves feel like if you were standing on Earth’s surface above them?

A

You would only hear them, and there would be a low frequency vibration

44
Q

What might S waves feel like if you were standing on Earth’s surface above them?

A

It would feel like a pre rumble before the surface waves.

45
Q

The energy released by an earthquake moves out from the earthquake’s BLANK in the form of seismic waves.

A

Focus

46
Q

Which type of seismic wave produces the mst severe ground movement?

A

Surface waves

47
Q

Describe the difference between intensity and magnitude.

A

Magnitude is the amount of seismic energy that was released at the source of the earthquake, while intensity is the effects that you can observe such as the ground shaking.

48
Q

Why can the same Earthquake have different ratings on two scales?

A

Because the Richter scale for example, measures the size of the Earthquakes seismic waves, while the moment magnitude scale for example measures the amount of energy released from those seismic waves.

Earth Science Unit 6 (1 decks)

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