Unit 4 Flashcards
A(n) ___ is a threat that does not harm the threatener if it is carried out.
Credible threat
A(n) ___ is a game in which exactly the amount one competitor gains must be lost by other competitors.
zero-sum game
A(n) ___ results when each player adopts the strategy that gives the highest possible payoff if the rival sticks to the strategy it has chosen.
Nash equilibrium
The ___ requires a player to select the strategy that yields the maximum payoff on the assumption that the opponent will do as much damage as it can.
maximum criterion
A(n) ___ for one of the competitors in a game is a strategy that will yield a higher payoff than any of the other strategies that are possible, no matter what choice of strategy is made by competitors.
dominant strategy
A(n) ___ shows how much each of two competitors (players) can expect to earn, depending on the strategic choices each of them makes.
payoff matrix
A price is called ___ if it does not change often, even when there is a moderate change in cost.
sticky
A(n) ___ is a demand curve that changes its slope abruptly at some level of output.
kinked demand curve
A firm’s objective is said to be ___ if it seeks to adopt prices and output quantities that make its total revenue (the money value of its sales), rather than its profits, as large as possible.
sales maximization
In a(n) ___, each competing firm is determined to sell at a price that is lower than the price of its rivals, often regardless of whether that price covers the pertinent cost. Typically, in such a ___, Firm A cuts its price below Firm B’s price; B retaliates by undercutting A; and so on until some of the competitor firms surrender and let themselves be undersold.
price war
What does it mean for an industry to have a Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of 10,000?
One firm has 100% market share.
Tell whether the following scenario is an example of tying, bottleneck, or predatory pricing.
Heat-Em-Up is the only firm producing grills. It costs $460 to produce a grill, and Heat-Em-Up sells each grill for $900. After Well Done, a new firm with the same costs as Heat-Em-Up, enters the market for grills, Heat-Em-Up starts selling its grills for a price of $330.
Predatory Pricing
Tell whether the following scenario is an example of tying, bottleneck, or predatory pricing.
TransUSA is a railroad company that built and owns the only bridge to and from Coronado island to the mainland United States. Since there are no airports or boating docks in Coronado, any firms that want to ship goods from the mainland United States must use TransUSA’s trains and bridge. This makes it difficult for other shipping and freight companies in the area to compete with TransUSA.
Bottleneck
Tell whether the following scenario is an example of tying, bottleneck, or predatory pricing.
Book Bound sells a wide variety of books to retail bookstores. Book Bound recently published two new books: a popular mystery novel and a much less popular history book. Book Bound requires bookstores to buy 15 copies of the history book for every 140 copies of the mystery novel ordered.
Tying
Which of the following is an example of economies of scope?
A. Walmart can transport goods and services at a lower cost than any of its retail competitors can.
B. It is more profitable for Dell to buy computer processors from Intel than to manufacture them itself.
C. A university begins offering night classes to working adults. The evening classrooms are also used by full-time students during the day.
D. Coke makes a billion drinks per day at a lower average cost than if 1,000 soda companies made a million drinks per day.
C
Which of the following inputs do you think include relatively large economic rents in their earnings? (Choose all that apply)
A. Petroleum
B. A champion racehorse
C. Nuts and bolts
A, B