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Bio 100 Unit 4 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cellular Respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce what?

A

ATP

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2
Q

ATP is the cell’s source of…

A

Usable energy

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3
Q

Most ATP is generated in the…

A

Mitochondria

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4
Q

Usable energy is released from ATP when…

A

Phosphates are released from ATP and join with another molecule

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5
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

adding a phosphate to a molecule

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6
Q

Cellular Respiration is dependent on what?

A

The action of breathing

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7
Q

The lungs provide what for Cellular Respiration?

A

O2

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8
Q

What is a by-product of the Krebs Cycle?

A

CO2, which is exhaled by the lungs

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9
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Sun + 6CO2 + 6H2O => C6H12O6 + 6O2

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10
Q

What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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11
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The loss of electrons from one molecule

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12
Q

What is reduction?

A

The gain of electrons by the other molecule

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13
Q

When is water oxidized?

A

When it donates electrons to P680, and P680 is reduced

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14
Q

What happens when P700 is oxidized and its electrons move to NADP+?

A

NADP+ is reduced when it accepts electrons to become NADPH

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15
Q

True or False? Both heterotrophs and autotrophs do cellular respiration.

A

TRUE

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16
Q

What is the first step in cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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17
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

The cytoplasm

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18
Q

What does glycolysis start with?

A

Glucose

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19
Q

What is the net gain of glycolysis?

A

2 ATPs

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20
Q

How many ATPs are produced by glycolysis?

A

4 ATPs

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21
Q

What is the final product of glycolysis?

A

2 molecules of pyruvate, and 2 NADH

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22
Q

What is the second step of cellular respiration?

A

Converting pyruvate and the Krebs Cycle

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23
Q

Where does the second step of cellular respiration occur?

A

The mitochondria

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24
Q

What is pyruvate converted to during the second step of cellular respiration?

A

Acetyl Co-A

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25
Q

What is the starting material for the Krebs Cycle?

A

Acetyl Co-A

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26
Q

What is produced by the Krebs Cycle?

A

NADH, FADH2, and a bit of ATP

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27
Q

What is the third step of cellular respiration?

A

The Electron Transport Chain

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28
Q

When and where does the ETC occur?

A

The Mitochondria, after the Krebs Cycle

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29
Q

What is required for ETC?

A

Oxygen

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30
Q

Where does the ETC get energy?

A

It uses stored energy in NADH and FADH2

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31
Q

What does ETC generate?

A

ATP

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32
Q

What is a by-product of ETC?

A

Water

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33
Q

What are the inputs for glycolysis?

A

Glucose, ATP, NAD+, Inorganic Phosphates, and ADP

34
Q

What are the outputs (products) for glycolysis?

A

ADP, NADH, ATP, H2O, and Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid)

35
Q

What is the first step of glycolysis?

A

Burn two ATPs to phosphorylate the glucose molecule (converted into fructose 1, 6 biphosphate)

36
Q

In glycolysis, what happens to the glucose molecule after it has been converted to fructose 1, 6 biphosphate?

A

The fructose 1, 6 biphosphate splits to form 2 G3P molecules.

37
Q

What is the third step of glycolysis?

A

Two NAD+ molecules are reduced as they steal electrons and H+ from G3P to form NADH

38
Q

What happens to the energy from the reduction reaction in the third step of glycolysis?

A

This energy causes an inorganic phosphate to bind to G3P (phosphorylation)

39
Q

What is the fourth step of glycolysis?

A

Four ADPs come in and steal the phosphates from the G3Ps to form four ATPs

40
Q

What is the final step of glycolysis?

A

Other enzymatic changes occur to further convert the molecules. Water is also released and the final product is 2 molecules of pyruvate

41
Q

What is glycolysis followed by if O2 is readily available?

A

The Krebs Cycle

42
Q

What is glycolysis followed by if O2 is NOT readily available?

A

Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation)

43
Q

What are the two main steps of the Krebs Cycle?

A

Converting Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle

44
Q

What is the first step of Converting Pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate, made in glycolysis, enters the mitochondria

45
Q

What is the second step of converting pyruvate?

A

CO2 breaks off of pyruvate and can be exhaled (heterotrophs) or sent to the chloroplasts for photosynthesis (autotrophs)

46
Q

In converting pyruvate, what happens after the CO2 breaks off?

A

The remaining molecule is oxidized to NAD+, which is, in turn, reduced to NADH. (redox reaction)

47
Q

What is the final step of Converting Pyruvate?

A

The remaining acetyl group joins with Coenzyme A to form Acetyl Co-A, which can now enter the Citric Acid Cycle.

48
Q

What is the first step of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

The acetyl group separates from Co-A and enters the citric acid cycle, freeing up Co-A to grab more acetyl groups from pyruvate

49
Q

In the citric acid cycle, what does the acetyl group do after it has separated from Co-A?

A

The acetyl group (a 2-carbon compound) joins with oxyloacetate (a 4-carbon compound) forming Citric Acid (a 6-carbon compound) [MATH ;D]

50
Q

What is the third step of the citric acid cycle?

A

Redox reactions occur: NAD+ is reduced when citric acid is oxidized to form NADH. Then CO2 breaks off and is released. AND THEN THIS WHOLE STEP REPEATS.

51
Q

What is harvested during the third step of the citric acid cycle?

A

Energy is harvested here in the form of 2 NADH molecules.

52
Q

What is the fourth step of the citric acid cycle?

A

ADP joins with an inorganic phosphate to produce ATP

53
Q

What is harvested during the fourth step of the citric acid cycle?

A

Energy is harvested here in the form of ATP

54
Q

What is the fifth step of the citric acid cycle?

A

The remaining 4-carbon compound (called Succinate) is oxidized to form FADH2 and NADH

55
Q

What is harvested from the fifth step of the citric acid cycle?

A

Energy is harvested in the form of FADH2 and NADH

56
Q

What is the final step of the citric acid cycle?

A

Other enzymatic changes convert the remaining substance into our 4-carbon starting material: oxyloacetate

57
Q

What does the citric acid cycle produce with every one glucose molecule?

A

2 pyruvates are produced, meaning that the cycle turns twice per glucose.

58
Q

What is produced by the citric acid cycle?

A

6 NADH (3 each turn), 2 ATP (1 per turn), and 2 FADH2 (1 per turn)

59
Q

What does the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis do?

A

It uses the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 (from previous steps) to synthesize ATP

60
Q

What is the first step of ETC?

A

FADH2 and NADH are oxidized in ETC as they drop off electrons and H+

61
Q

What is the second step of ETC?

A

The energy from the oxidation of FADH2 and NADH is used to power the pumps that actively transport H+ out of the mitochondrial matrix

62
Q

What is the final step of ETC?

A

Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC. The “tired” electrons join with oxygen, which then combines with H+ to form water.

63
Q

What is happening at the same time as ETC?

A

Chemiosmosis

64
Q

What is Chemiosmosis?

A

H+ builds up in the inner membrane space of the mitochondria, and begins to diffuse through ATP synthase. This process produces most of the ATP in cellular respiration.

65
Q

For every one glucose molecule, approximately how many ATPs are produced during cellular respiration (when O2 is readily available)?

A

Approximately 32 ATPs

66
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Harvesting energy without oxygen

67
Q

What do the fermentation pathways do?

A

Fermentation pathways do NOT produce ATP but they do oxidize NADH to NAD+

68
Q

What does the oxidation of NADH allow (during fermentation)

A

This allows glycolysis to continue making a limited amount of ATP

69
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A

Lactic acid fermentation, and alcohol fermentation

70
Q

What happens in lactic acid fermentation?

A

NADH is oxidized to NAD+ as pyruvate is reduced to lactate (precursor to lactic acid)

71
Q

Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?

A

Some bacteria and the muscle cells of mammals

72
Q

How does the dairy industry use lactic acid fermentation?

A

To produce cheese and yogurt

73
Q

What happens in Alcohol fermentation?

A

NADH is oxidized to NAD+ as pyruvate is converted into ethyl alcohol and CO2

74
Q

Where does alcohol fermentation occur?

A

Some bacteria and yeast

75
Q

How is alcohol fermentation used?

A

To make wine, beer, and bread

76
Q

What process(es) fall under Aerobic?

A

Cellular Respiration

77
Q

What process(es) fall under Anaerobic?

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation, and Alcohol Fermentation

78
Q

What is produced by Cellular Respiration?

A

H2O, CO2, NAD+, and ATP

79
Q

What is produced by Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A

NAD+ and Lactic Acid

80
Q

What is produced by Alcohol Fermentation?

A

NAD+, CO2, and Ethyl Alcohol

Bio 100 Unit 4 (1 decks)

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