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SDoH > Unit 4,5,6 > Flashcards

Unit 4,5,6 Flashcards

1
Q

Structural, social determinants of health inequities

A

social, economic, and political mechanisms which generate and contribute to social class inequalities in our society

Where upstream solutions must begin

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1
Q

SDoH

A

conditions that people are born grow, live, work and age

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2
Q

What is the organization for employment protection in Canada

A

organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD)

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3
Q

What does the OECD do

A

set standards for responsible business conduct across a range of issues (human rights, labour rights, environment)

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4
Q

How does Canada do in terms of employment protection

A

BAD

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5
Q

Why are working conditions important SDoH

A

lots of time spent in the workplace
people already vulnerable are most likely to experience health threatening working conditions

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6
Q

What are the key work dimensions shaping health outcomes

A

job strain
effort-reward imbalance
organizational justice
work hours
status inconsistency
precarious work

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7
Q

What is precarious employment

A

work is uncertain, insecure, unstable

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8
Q

Which profession has the highest precarious work

A
  1. education (28%)
  2. business/finance
  3. health care (18%)
  4. other professions
  5. law/government
  6. natural, applied sicence
  7. arts, culture
  8. building trades (lowest - 2%)
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9
Q

Which age group has a higher percentage of reported precarious work

A

65+ (57%)
55-64 (32%)
45-54 (19%)
35-44 (16%)
20-34 (20%)

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10
Q

What is a boundaryless career

A

represents tech/knowledge economy: mobile work, networks and virtual communities of practice

  • more “flexibility” in jobs
  • false sense of self-employment
  • precarious work (lack of stability, permanence and/or benefits)
  • new classifications of employment statuses (casual, contract, temp, reduced-time, part-time…)
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11
Q

What is a traditional career

A

industrial work: one stop shop, first job/last job, climbing the vertical ladder

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12
Q

What is unemployment rate, what does that look like in Canada

A

number of people in the labour force (15-64 y/o) actively looking for a job

5.7% (very high)

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13
Q

What is employment rate

A

employed divided by total labour force

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14
Q

What is the precariat

A

precarious (insecure) + proletariat (working class)
security = control

While the flexibility of these new-economy jobs is attractive to some, this kind of employment is a fast track to poor social and economic conditions for many

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15
Q

What is job security

A

enables economic + social inclusion

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16
Q

What is income security

A

economic inclusion
- critique: undereducated/impoverished women might leave labour force; social stigma of basic income

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17
Q

What is intersectionality

A

interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage

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18
Q

What is the pay gap

A

racialized workers earn 81.4 cents per dollar compared to non-racialized workers

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19
Q

Why is there a pay gap

A

racialized workers are more willing to work but have a harder time finding jobs
jobs found are more likely to be part-time, low wage and insecure

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20
Q

What are the types of employment inequity

A

gender based inequity (non-racialized women earn 69 cents per dolallar non-racialized men earn)

race-based inequity (racialized men = 76 cents, racialized men = 85 cents)

Gender based + race based inequity (intersectionality) (58 cents per dollar)

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21
Q

Which group was most influenced by COVID-19

A

Indigenous and racialized households (greater economic hardship)

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22
Q

How has the pandemic affected Canadian workplace

A

more stressful, feeling less safe, more women, increase in tasks and work effort, difficult to interact with employer, unions helped protext workers

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23
Q

What is flexible production

A

goods produced faster and cheaper –> consequence = people change brands more often adn want latest product

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24
Q

How do companies cope with flexible production

A

workers work harder and longer
focus on outcomes “learn productions”

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25
Q

What is nurmerical flexibility

A

downsizing, part-time/contract
focus on cost-reduction

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26
Q

How do companies cope with flexible production

A

function flexibility
numerical flexibility

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27
Q

How does flexible production impact health

A
  1. intensification of work: leisure sickness, repetetive strain injuries
  2. Non-standard work hours (long hours, physiological and psychological health disturbances, family conflict
  3. Precarious work: poorer conditions, low control, less socialization
  4. Job Insecurity: associations between illness and downsizing, family dynamics and parenting
  5. Employment Insecurity: stress of no employment options
  6. Income Insecurity: income inadequacy (poverty) associated with ill health
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28
Q

Which are the most impacted populations

A

women
youth
new immigrants
racialized minorities
persons with disabilities
persons with lower incomes

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29
Q

What are the key dimensions of a “good” job

A
  1. secure - permanent with benefits
  2. addresses workplace injuries
  3. control - autonomy at work
  4. oppotunities for self-development (paid) - allows for advancement
  5. free time - vacation, limit work taken home…
  6. work life balance - time stress (child and elder care)
  7. attention to social aspects of job (positive and negative)
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30
Q

What should be done about work and health

A

research and education
cultural change
institutional change
power and equity
policy legislation (increase minimum wage, more incentive to hire permanent)
policy implications (support working life so demands and rewards are balanced)

31
Q

What are the benefits of having more education

A

easier to enact overall change in the employment market
- new training opportunities, civic activities and engagement
education is correlated with other SDoH (income, employment security and working conditions)
better health literacy

32
Q

Where does education fall in the WHO chart

A

structural determinants of health

33
Q

What is the correlation between parents education and children

A

children whose parents do not have post-secondary education perform worse than children of more educated parents

34
Q

What is the importance of ECE

A

early childhood experiences shape adult physical and mental health
- high quality ECEC = important for the growth, development and health of a child

35
Q

What is the barrier of ECEC for some famillies

A

high cost
- many families do not qualify for subsidies so they must pay out of pocket

36
Q

What are ECEC policy goals

A
  1. enhancing children’s well-being, healthy development, and lifelong learning (well-educated staff, size, decent wages, needs to be early, intensive and systematic)
  2. supporting parents in education, training and employment (childcare allows parents to upgrade education and/or enroll in education/training)
  3. strong communities (ensures that young children learn to respect diversity and develop their own identity)
  4. providing equity (ECEC basic human right)
37
Q

Who has the responsibility for ECEC in Canada

A

provincial/tert gov

38
Q

How does learning happen

A

belonging
well-being
engagement
expression

39
Q

What are the critiques of ECEC

A

-no systematic/universal approach
- disconnect between ECEC and education system (canadian responsibility for childcare is private, kindergarten is a public good (provincial/territorial))
- inadequate wages and training
- lack of systematic attention to monitoring and data collection
- unstable investment and long-term agenda

40
Q

What was Canada’s response to the critiques

A

provide provinces and territories with $1.2 billion for early learning and child care programs

3 year bilateral agreements

41
Q

What was Nunavut’s response for ECEC critiques

A

three year, $7 million bilateral agreement with the federal government as part of the federal provincial/territorial early childhood learning and care agreement (ECLC)

funding will be used for the development of standardized program materials to help support the delivery of consistent, high quality instruction in early years programs

42
Q

What are the ECE report benchmarks of quality

A
  1. governance
  2. funding
  3. access
  4. learning environment
  5. accountability
43
Q

Why study ECD

A

early childhood experiences have immediate and long lasting biological, psychological and social aspects on health
- the quality of ECD is shaped by economic and social resources available to parents, which is primarily through employment

44
Q

What are the stages to bartley typology
What is

A

Explanation for health inequalities:
materialist
cultural/behavioural
psychosocial
life course
political economy

45
Q

What are the three effects on EC experiences

A

latency
pathway
cumulative

46
Q

What are latency effects

A

early childhood experiences predispose children to either good or bad health
- exposures during pregnancy and EC

47
Q

What are pathway effects

A

exposures to risk factors at one point in time may not have immediate health effects, but can later lead to situations that do have health consequences
- ex. lack of readiness to learn when children enter school

48
Q

What are cumulative effects

A

the longer children live under conditions of material and social deprivation, the more likely they are to show adverse developmental and health outcomes

Accumulation of ad/disadvantage over time (manifests in a range of indicators of health)

Learned helplessness: strong SDoH, children may feel unable to act effectively on the world

49
Q

What is early development instrument (EDI)

A

physical health and well-being; social competence; emotional maturity; language

readiness to learn

50
Q

what are the drivers of educational inequality among children

A
  1. parental education - lower education = lower pre-school attendance and less post-secondary education
  2. migration background - first gen immigrant children do less well than non-migrant children
  3. gender - girls have higher reading levels than boys
  4. differences between schools - rich/poor go to different schools
51
Q

What is the Global goal for sustainable Development by unicef

A

by 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes

52
Q

What can Canada do to improve educatoin

A

improve services - focus on quality
change behaviours - too simplistic and stigmatizing
strengthen environments - community advocacy (force vs persuade gov)
strengthen environments - healthy public policy (most effective!)

53
Q

What is food insecurity

A

inability to access adequate food because of financial constraints

54
Q

What are the criteria that suggest some level of FI

A

worry about not having enough food
reliance on low-cost foods
not able to afford balanced meals
adults/children skip meals
adults/children cut size of meals
adults/children not having enough to eat
adult lost weight
adults/children not eating for whole day of more

55
Q

what are the factors that can cause one to move in and out of hunger

A

birth of a child
change in number of parents in the home
decline in health of a family member
change in employment hours

56
Q

What is the best way to rise out of hunger

A

when mother obtains full-time employment

57
Q

What is marginal hfi

A

concerned about running out of food and limitations to food variety

58
Q

What is moderate hfi

A

inadequate quality or quantity of foods

59
Q

what is severe hfi

A

reduced food intake or disrupted eating

60
Q

What would most likely occur as a result of being more food insecure

A

more likely to report depressive, suicidal thoughts

61
Q

what are the outcomes of food insecurity

A

hunger, inadequate nutritional intake and low intake of produce and milk
inability to acquire food in socially aceceptable ways
stress over food procurement

mothers tend to shield their child by reducing their own food intake

62
Q

Which physical health conditions are most likely to arise as a result of HFI

A

diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, arthritis, back problems, multiple chronic conditions

63
Q

What are the effects of HFI on children

A

hyperactivity and inattention

64
Q

What are the effects of HFI on adolescence and early adulthood

A

asthma, depression, suicidal ideation

65
Q

What laws are there to improve food charity include

A

absolving donors liability for food safety
tax credits for local producers
Local Food Infrastructure Fund (federal support for food banks)

66
Q

Why have the laws to improve food charity been ineffective

A

most HFI households do not use food banks
food charity does not move people out of food insecurity

67
Q

What are the required policies to address HFI

A
  1. income-based policies and interventions
  2. policy addressing additional social determinants of health
    - housing
    - employment
    -ECE
68
Q

What is seed sewing

A

food security within diverse Indigenous contexts should not be narrowly defined as having enough to eat or sufficient household funds to purchase processed foods that may be more accessible

What is needed is a restoration of sustainable relationships to the Land, culture, and communities and advance reconciliation effots alongside social and environmental justice

69
Q

What are some policies to support seed sewing

A
  1. create oppotunities to build partnerships across jurisdictions
  2. eliminate arriers to land access
  3. create space for indigenous governance
  4. simplify legal processes and documentation to support the transfer of land agreements and trusts
  5. support land-based learning with indigenous organizations
  6. centre indigenous peoples and indigenous knowledges in these opportunities
70
Q

What are the best way to increase individual’s intake of fresh fruits and veggies

A
  1. provide more education on the health benefits of eating produce
  2. significantly increase the amount of fresh produce available at food banks
  3. reduce household costs for physician services
  4. require the government to ensure that healthy foods are accessible and affordable
71
Q

What are the three core housing needs

A
  1. affordability
  2. sustainability
  3. adequacy
72
Q

When is housing affordability

A

when costs are less than 30% of the household’s gross income

73
Q

When is housing suitable

A

when there are enough bedrooms for the number and make-up of household members as measured by the National Occupancy Standard (NOS)

74
Q

When is housing adequate

A

when it is not in need of major repairs to plumbing, structure, electrical or any other integral system

75
Q

What are some exmaples of housing policy recommendations

A
  • increase funding of social housing programs for low-income Canadians
  • support non-profit and co-operative housing sectors
  • policies that address housing as a basic human need right
  • international approaches to end homelessness
  • policy to reduce discrimination in rental housing
  • policy to address the gap between housing costs and tenant incomes
  • policy to increase access to supportive community-based housing
76
Q

Why is it difficult to study housing insecurity and health

A
  • inequities tend to be clustered (hard to isolate one cause)
  • context is often missing
  • people experiencing homelessness have an 8-10 times greater likelihood of early death compared to the greater population
  • core housing need is important to understand because it is a precursor to homelessness

SDoH (2 decks)

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