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A2 Biology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecology

A

Study of the inter relationships between organisms and their environment.

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2
Q

Abiotic

A

Non living factors

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3
Q

Biotic

A

Living factors

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4
Q

Biosphere

A

Supporting layers of land, air and water that surround the earth.

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5
Q

Ecosystems

A

Made up of all abiotic and biotic features of a specific area.

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6
Q

Populations

A

All interbreeding organisms of a species in a habitat.

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7
Q

Community

A

Made up of all the different populations of different species living and interacting in a given place and time.

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8
Q

Habitat

A

Place where a community of organisms lives.

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9
Q

Ecological niche

A

Describes how an organism fits into its environment.
Where an organism lives and what it does there.
Includes all abiotic and biotic factors.
No 2 species fit into exact same niche.

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10
Q

Equation for estimate of population

A

No. Individuals in 1st sample x no. Individuals in 2nd sample/ no. Recaptured

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11
Q

Intraspecific

A

Competition between members of same species.

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12
Q

Interspecific

A

Competition between members of different species.

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13
Q

Predation

A

When 1 organism consumes another.

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14
Q

Equation for population growth

A

(Births+immigration)-(deaths+emigration)

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15
Q

Equation for % growth rate in a given period

A

Popul. Change during period/ popul. At start of period x100

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16
Q

Equation for birth rate

A

No. Of births per year x1000/ total population in same year

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17
Q

Equation for death rate

A

No. Of deaths per year x1000/ total population in same year

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18
Q

Demographic transition

A

Eg. Changes in life expectancy and birth rate cause popul. To transition to high or low life expectancy and BR.

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19
Q

Age population pyramid

A

Graphical representation of % of males and females o certain age groups in populations.

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20
Q

Survival rate

A

% of people still alive after a given time.

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21
Q

Life expectancy

A

The age at which 50% of population is still alive.

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22
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of e- and H+ ions, gain of O2.

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23
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of e- and H+ ions, loss of O2.

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24
Q

Calvin cycle (LDR)

A

Biochemical pathway where CO2 is reduced to form carbohydrates (glucose).

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25
Q

Limiting factor

A

Variable that limits rate of a reaction. Increasing it will only affect rate until it is limited by another factor.

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26
Q

Glycolysis

A

1st part of respiration, where glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate.

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27
Q

Link reaction

A

Process linking glycolysis to Krebs cycle, in matrix, where 2 molecules of pyruvate are converted to CO2 and Acetyl CoA.

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28
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Acetyl CoA goes through a series of redox reactions, in matrix, to give some ATP and large amount of e-

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29
Q

Coenzymes

A

Molecules that some enzymes require to function.

30
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Uses e- from Krebs cycle to make ATP via a series of redox reactions.

31
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Releasing energy from glucose without O2.

32
Q

Tropic level

A

Each stage in a food chain.

33
Q

Producers

A

Photosynthetic organisms that get energy from the sun.

34
Q

Consumers

A

Organisms that feed off other organisms, as they don’t make their own food.

35
Q

Decomposers

A

Break down lager molecules of dead animals/ plants into smaller ones, which are taken up by plants from the soil.

36
Q

Food chains

A

Describes feeding relationships between organisms.

37
Q

Food webs

A

Where many food chains are linked together.

38
Q

Gross production

A

Total energy plants in a community convert to organic matter.

39
Q

Net production ( and equation)

A

Rate at which energy is stored.

Gross production - respiratory losses.

40
Q

Equation for energy transfer

A

Energy available after transfer/ energy available before transfer x100

41
Q

Agricultural ecosystems

A

Made up of animals and plants used to make food for humans.

42
Q

Productivity

A

Rate at which something is produced.

43
Q

Pests

A

Organisms that compete with humans for food/ space.

44
Q

Pesticides

A

Chemicals that kill pests

45
Q

Biological control

A

Controlling pests using their natural predators.

46
Q

Integrated pest-control systems

A

Uses all forms of pest control, to try and determine an accepted level of pests, instead eradicating them.

47
Q

Intensive rearing

A

Ensuring as much energy is converted to biomass as possible by limiting respiratory losses, as animals move around and need to maintain a high body temp.

48
Q

Saprobiotic organisms

A

Organisms that get its food from dead or decaying remains of other organisms.

49
Q

Natural fertilisers

A

Contains dead or decaying organisms and animal waste.

50
Q

Artificial fertilisers

A

Minerals obtained from rocks. Contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

51
Q

Succession

A

Describes chances that take place within an ecosystem.

52
Q

Pioneer species

A

A species that can colonise bare rock or ground.

53
Q

Climax community

A

Stable, final community that exists in a balanced equilibrium. Very few new species.

54
Q

Conservation

A

Management of the earths natural resources, so that max use can be made of them in the future.

55
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic composition of an organism.

56
Q

Gene

A

Length of DNA that codes for a polypeptide

57
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Pair of chromosomes that have same gene loci and determine same features (phenotype).

58
Q

Heterozygous

A

When alleles for a gene are different.

59
Q

Homozygous

A

When alleles for a gene are the same.

60
Q

Dominant

A

Alleles that are always expressed in the phenotype.

61
Q

Recessive

A

Alleles that’s is only expressed in phenotype when in homozygous pair.

62
Q

Monohybrid inheritance

A

Inheritance of a single gene.

63
Q

Sex linkage

A

Any gene carried on X or Y chromosomes.

64
Q

Co- dominance

A

Both alleles are equally dominant and expressed in phenotype.

65
Q

Multiple alleles

A

More than 2 alleles, but only 2 can be present in loci of homologous chromosomes.

66
Q

Gene pool

A

all genes of individuals in a population.

67
Q

Allelic frequency

A

No. Of times an allele occurs in a population.

68
Q

Hardy Weinberg principle

A

Used for calculating allelic frequency.

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

69
Q

Directional selection

A

Selection that favours individuals with an extreme phenotype, occurs when change in environmental conditions.

70
Q

Stabilising selection

A

Selection that favours individuals with average phenotypes, occurs when environmental conditions stays the same.

71
Q

Speciation

A

Evolution of a new species from an existing one.

72
Q

Geographical isolation

A

When a physical barrier prevents 2 populations from breeding with one another.

A2 Biology (2 decks)

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