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A2 Biology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Ecology

A

Study of the inter relationships between organisms and their environment.

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2
Q

Abiotic

A

Non living factors

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3
Q

Biotic

A

Living factors

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4
Q

Biosphere

A

Supporting layers of land, air and water that surround the earth.

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5
Q

Ecosystems

A

Made up of all abiotic and biotic features of a specific area.

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6
Q

Populations

A

All interbreeding organisms of a species in a habitat.

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7
Q

Community

A

Made up of all the different populations of different species living and interacting in a given place and time.

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8
Q

Habitat

A

Place where a community of organisms lives.

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9
Q

Ecological niche

A

Describes how an organism fits into its environment.
Where an organism lives and what it does there.
Includes all abiotic and biotic factors.
No 2 species fit into exact same niche.

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10
Q

Equation for estimate of population

A

No. Individuals in 1st sample x no. Individuals in 2nd sample/ no. Recaptured

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11
Q

Intraspecific

A

Competition between members of same species.

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12
Q

Interspecific

A

Competition between members of different species.

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13
Q

Predation

A

When 1 organism consumes another.

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14
Q

Equation for population growth

A

(Births+immigration)-(deaths+emigration)

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15
Q

Equation for % growth rate in a given period

A

Popul. Change during period/ popul. At start of period x100

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16
Q

Equation for birth rate

A

No. Of births per year x1000/ total population in same year

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17
Q

Equation for death rate

A

No. Of deaths per year x1000/ total population in same year

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18
Q

Demographic transition

A

Eg. Changes in life expectancy and birth rate cause popul. To transition to high or low life expectancy and BR.

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19
Q

Age population pyramid

A

Graphical representation of % of males and females o certain age groups in populations.

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20
Q

Survival rate

A

% of people still alive after a given time.

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21
Q

Life expectancy

A

The age at which 50% of population is still alive.

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22
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of e- and H+ ions, gain of O2.

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23
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of e- and H+ ions, loss of O2.

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24
Q

Calvin cycle (LDR)

A

Biochemical pathway where CO2 is reduced to form carbohydrates (glucose).

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25
Limiting factor
Variable that limits rate of a reaction. Increasing it will only affect rate until it is limited by another factor.
26
Glycolysis
1st part of respiration, where glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate.
27
Link reaction
Process linking glycolysis to Krebs cycle, in matrix, where 2 molecules of pyruvate are converted to CO2 and Acetyl CoA.
28
Krebs cycle
Acetyl CoA goes through a series of redox reactions, in matrix, to give some ATP and large amount of e-
29
Coenzymes
Molecules that some enzymes require to function.
30
Electron transport chain
Uses e- from Krebs cycle to make ATP via a series of redox reactions.
31
Anaerobic respiration
Releasing energy from glucose without O2.
32
Tropic level
Each stage in a food chain.
33
Producers
Photosynthetic organisms that get energy from the sun.
34
Consumers
Organisms that feed off other organisms, as they don't make their own food.
35
Decomposers
Break down lager molecules of dead animals/ plants into smaller ones, which are taken up by plants from the soil.
36
Food chains
Describes feeding relationships between organisms.
37
Food webs
Where many food chains are linked together.
38
Gross production
Total energy plants in a community convert to organic matter.
39
Net production ( and equation)
Rate at which energy is stored. | Gross production - respiratory losses.
40
Equation for energy transfer
Energy available after transfer/ energy available before transfer x100
41
Agricultural ecosystems
Made up of animals and plants used to make food for humans.
42
Productivity
Rate at which something is produced.
43
Pests
Organisms that compete with humans for food/ space.
44
Pesticides
Chemicals that kill pests
45
Biological control
Controlling pests using their natural predators.
46
Integrated pest-control systems
Uses all forms of pest control, to try and determine an accepted level of pests, instead eradicating them.
47
Intensive rearing
Ensuring as much energy is converted to biomass as possible by limiting respiratory losses, as animals move around and need to maintain a high body temp.
48
Saprobiotic organisms
Organisms that get its food from dead or decaying remains of other organisms.
49
Natural fertilisers
Contains dead or decaying organisms and animal waste.
50
Artificial fertilisers
Minerals obtained from rocks. Contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
51
Succession
Describes chances that take place within an ecosystem.
52
Pioneer species
A species that can colonise bare rock or ground.
53
Climax community
Stable, final community that exists in a balanced equilibrium. Very few new species.
54
Conservation
Management of the earths natural resources, so that max use can be made of them in the future.
55
Genotype
Genetic composition of an organism.
56
Gene
Length of DNA that codes for a polypeptide
57
Homologous chromosomes
Pair of chromosomes that have same gene loci and determine same features (phenotype).
58
Heterozygous
When alleles for a gene are different.
59
Homozygous
When alleles for a gene are the same.
60
Dominant
Alleles that are always expressed in the phenotype.
61
Recessive
Alleles that's is only expressed in phenotype when in homozygous pair.
62
Monohybrid inheritance
Inheritance of a single gene.
63
Sex linkage
Any gene carried on X or Y chromosomes.
64
Co- dominance
Both alleles are equally dominant and expressed in phenotype.
65
Multiple alleles
More than 2 alleles, but only 2 can be present in loci of homologous chromosomes.
66
Gene pool
all genes of individuals in a population.
67
Allelic frequency
No. Of times an allele occurs in a population.
68
Hardy Weinberg principle
Used for calculating allelic frequency. p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
69
Directional selection
Selection that favours individuals with an extreme phenotype, occurs when change in environmental conditions.
70
Stabilising selection
Selection that favours individuals with average phenotypes, occurs when environmental conditions stays the same.
71
Speciation
Evolution of a new species from an existing one.
72
Geographical isolation
When a physical barrier prevents 2 populations from breeding with one another.

A2 Biology (2 decks)

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