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A2 Physics > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the principle of linear momentum?

A

Total momentum of two objects before they collide is equal to the total momentum after they collide assuming no external forces act.

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2
Q

Define elastic collision

A

A collision where kinetic energy is conserved

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3
Q

Inelastic collision

A

Collision where kinetic energy isn’t conserved

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4
Q

In a Inelastic collision what other forms could the energy be converted into?

A

Heat energy, sound energy, or energy into damaging the vehicles

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5
Q

What is newtons 2nd law

A

Force is proportional to the rate of change of momentum

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6
Q

What is impulse

A

Impulse is force x time and equal to the change in momentum

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7
Q

What is represented by the area under a force time graph?

A

Impulse or change in momentum

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8
Q

Why are objects moving in a circle constantly accelerating even though they are travelling at constant speed?

A

The centripetal force acts perpendicular to the objects velocity causing it to move in a circle and velocity is constantly changing even though speed I constant because the direction it is moving in is always changing

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9
Q

Where is the acceleration towards when an object is moving in a circle?

A

Toward the centre of the circle

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10
Q

Define simple harmonic motion

A

Oscillations in which the acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement and acting in the opposite direction (towards equilibrium)

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11
Q

Defining equation of SHM

A

A=(2pif)^2 x

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12
Q

What is the phase difference between the velocity and displacement of an object undergoing SHM.

A

Pi over 2 (1/4 of a wave cycle)

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13
Q

What is the phase difference between the acceleration and displacement of an object undergoing SHM?

A

Pi radians - they are completely out of phase

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14
Q

What is the relationship between the amplitude and time period of a simple pendulum?

A

They are independent of each other - the time period is the same no matter what the amplitude of oscillation is

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15
Q

What are the two types of potential energy in a spring- mass system

A

Gravitational and elastic potential

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16
Q

When is the kinetic energy + potential energy = constant?

A

In an undamped system

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17
Q

How can you derive the equation of the time period of a mass spring system?

A

Using f=ma where F=kx (hookes law) and simple harmonic equTion for acceleration

18
Q

How do you work out the spring constants of springs in parallel? (Side by side)

A

K(total)=k1 +k2 +…

19
Q

How do you work out the springs constant of springs in series?

A

The inverse of the spring constants are added together

20
Q

What is a free oscillation

A

Oscillation with no transfer of energy to and from the surroundings- there is no driving force acting and the object oscillates at its natural frequency

21
Q

What causes forced vibrations?

A

A periodic external force

22
Q

When does resonance occur?

A

When the driving frequency equals the natural frequency

23
Q

At driving frequencies lower than the natural frequency what is the phase difference?

A

No phase difference they are in phase

24
Q

What is the phase difference between the driver and oscillator at resonance?

A

Phase difference between the oscillator and driver is 90 degrees (Pi over 2)

25
Q

Phase difference between driver and oscillator at frequencies higher than the natural frequency

A

Driver completely out of phase

26
Q

What does damping do to SHM oscillations

A

Decrease the amplitude

27
Q

Define light damping

A

The amplitude of oscillation reduces a small amount with each period and can take a long time to stop oscillating

28
Q

Define heavy damping

A

Amplitude gets much smaller in a short space of time and stop oscillating quicker than a lightly damped system

29
Q

Define Critical damping

A

Reduces amplitude and stops the system oscillating in the shortest time possible

30
Q

Where can critical damping be used?

A

In car suspension systems

31
Q

Deign overdamping

A

Take longer to reach equilibrium than critically damped systems

32
Q

Example where overdamping is used and explain why

A

Heavy doors- they are over damped so they don’t slam shut too quickly, they close slowly to give People time to walk through them

33
Q

Explain the difference in resonance graphs for damped systems and what happens to when resonance occurs for heavily damped systems

A

Lightly damped systems have a very sharp resonance peak where as heavily damped systems have a latter response. For heavy damping resonance occurs at a slightly lower driving frequency than the natural frequency.

34
Q

Examples of uses of damping

A

Bridges/buildings - damped to avoid them being damaged by resonance in regions prone to earthquakes. Heavy masses move in opposite direction to building to dampen the oscillations - critical damping. Other uses are loud speakers

35
Q

Define gravitational,field strength

A

Force per unit mass

36
Q

Define gravitational potential

A

Work done per unit mass in moving the object from infinity to that point in the gravitational field

37
Q

What is the gradient of a gravitational potential against distance graph?

A

Field strength

38
Q

What is the area under a field strength-distance graph

A

Gravitational potential

39
Q

What is the gravitation potential at a infinite distance from the mass

A

0

40
Q

Gravitational potential is always…

A

Negative

41
Q

Momentum- vector or scalar

A

Vector

A2 Physics (2 decks)

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