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RadBio > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What does ICRP stand for?

A

International Commission on Radiation Protection

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2
Q

What does NCRP stand for?

A

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

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3
Q

What does the NCRP do?

A

A US group, they write policy for the US

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4
Q

What is UNSCEAR?

A

General assembly of UN created in 1955. Assess & report levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. Governments and organizations worldwide rely on the information for establishing protective measures.

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5
Q

NAS/NRC - BEIR

A

National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council committee on the Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation

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6
Q

Which organizations are advisory groups?

A

UNSCEAR and NAS/NRC-BEIR

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7
Q

Who does UNSCEAR and NAS/NRC-BEIR report data to?

A

IRCP

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8
Q

Who makes recommendations on occupational and public dose limits? What do they base these recommendations on?

A

IRCP. They base it on info from UNSCEAR and NAS/NRC-BEIR

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9
Q

Who implements the IRCP’s recommendations implements them into US radiation protection policy?

A

NCRP

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10
Q

Who are the US regulatory agencies for radiation protection?

A

NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission), EPA, FDA, OSHA and state agencies.

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11
Q

Who oversees the nuclear energy industry and controls the manufacture, use and disposal of radioactive substances used in nuclear reactors?

A

NRC

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12
Q

Who facilitates development & enforcement of regulations pertaining to control of radiation in the environment?

A

EPA

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13
Q

Who monitors places of employment?

A

OSHA

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14
Q

What organization regulates design and manufacturing of electronic products including diagnostic x-ray equipment?

A

CDRH (Center for Devices of Radiologic Health)

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15
Q

What is the important US legislation as far as radiation control?

A

Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968. (for consumers) Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981. CARE bill proposed legislation.

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16
Q

Who are two required people or groups in any radiation safety program?

A

Radiation Safety Committee and Radiation Safety Officer

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17
Q

Who is normally the Radiation Safety Officer?

A

Usually a medical or health physicist, radiologist or other appropriately qualified individual.

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18
Q

What are the responsibilities of the Radiation Safety Officer?

A

Ensures radiation safety program to protect all persons, maintain radiation monitoring records, provides counseling for individuals.

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19
Q

What concepts are dose limits based on?

A

Linear non-threshold, risk vs benefit, ALARA

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20
Q

Who recommends dose limits?

A

NCRP

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21
Q

Why is effective dose used instead of equivalent dose?

A

The equivalent dose only takes into account the type of radiation. Effective dose takes into account the type of radiation & radiosensitivity of irradiated tissue or organs.

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22
Q

What is the effective dose limit for the lens of the eye in traditional and SI units?

A

15 Rem (15,000mRem) and 150 mSv

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23
Q

What is the effective dose limit for the skin, feet and hands in traditional and SI units?

A

50 Rem (50,000 mRem) and 500 mSv

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24
Q

What is the whole body effective dose limit in traditional and SI units annually?

A

5 Rem (5,000 mRem) and 50 mSv

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25
Q

What is the whole body effective dose limit in traditional and SI units cumulatively?

A

1 Rem x age and 10 mSv x age

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26
Q

What should happen when a tech chooses to declare her pregnancy?

A

She should be given a second dosimeter to be worn under her apron at waist level to give fetal dose

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27
Q

What is the effective dose limit in traditional and SI units for a pregnant tech for the entire pregnancy?

A

0.5 Rem (500 mRem) and 5 mSv

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28
Q

What is the effective dose limit in traditional and SI units for a pregnant tech for each month of the pregnancy?

A

0.05 Rem (50 mRem) and 0.5 mSv

29
Q

What are action limits?

A

A high badge reading the triggers an internal investigation

30
Q

Who sets the notification level for an action limit?

A

The facility that employs the tech

31
Q

Who is monitored for radiation exposure levels?

A

Any worker who is regularly exposed and likely to receive over 1/10 of the recommended dose equivalent dose limit

32
Q

What are the four types of dose monitoring devices?

A

Film badge, OSL, TLD, Pocket Ionization Dosimeter.

33
Q

What does a film badge contain?

A

Film with filters (aluminum, copper & tin)

34
Q

What is the OSL dosimeter?

A

Optically stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter.

35
Q

What type of material is the OSL dosimeter and how is it read?

A

Made of material similar to a CR imaging plate. Scanned by laser beam and amount of emitted light is measured.

36
Q

What is a TLD dosimeter? What form does it usually take?

A

Thermoluminescent Dosimeter. A ring.

37
Q

Who wears TLDs?

A

Measures hand exposure of people who handle radioisotopes or people who have their hand in the primary beam.

38
Q

How does TLDs work?

A

X-rays hit TLD phosphor, energy is stored by the phosphor, subjected to heat to be read, emits light and the amount of light is measured.

39
Q

What measurement does the pocket dosimeter use?

A

mR

40
Q

What is a pocket dosimeter?

A

Ionization chamber to measure exposure.

41
Q

What is the function of control monitors?

A

Measures background exposure. This reading is subtracted from personnel monitors. Should be kept in distant room or office away from radiation areas.

42
Q

Who reviews the radiation monitor reports?

A

RSO for compliance each month.

43
Q

What are two types of ionization chamber field survey instruments?

A

Cutie Pie, Geiger-Muller counter

44
Q

What is a GM counter used for?

A

To detect x-, gamma and beta radiation (not alpha because it doesn’t penetrate). Primarily used to locate spills.

45
Q

What does the GM counter measure exposure in?

A

Roentgens or Coulombs/kg

46
Q

What does the Cutie Pie measure?

A

Exposure rate and cumulative exposure. Used to test for leakage but also for scatter.

47
Q

What are field survey calibration instruments used for?

A

Output of radiographic and fluoro equipment, mR/mAs, generator linearity and reproducibility, HVL, timer accuracy, fluoro entrance exposure rates

48
Q

What monitors patient dose?

A

DAP meter.

49
Q

Where is a DAP meter found?

A

On new fluoro and angiography equipment.

50
Q

How is DAP calculated?

A

surface area of patient at skin entrance multiplied by the radiation dose at this surface. cGy x cm^2

51
Q

What are the three cardinal principles of radiation protection?

A

Time, shielding, distance

52
Q

Where is a primary radiation barrier found?

A

Perpendicular to undeflected line of travel of the x-ray beam.

53
Q

What is a secondary radiation barrier exposed to?

A

Scatter and leakage radiation

54
Q

What materials are usually used for primary radiation barriers?

A

Lead and concrete

55
Q

What materials are usually used for secondary radiation barriers?

A

Lead, steel, leaded glass, gypsum, thick wood.

56
Q

What are the factors affecting radiation barrier thickness?

A

Workload, inverse square law, use factor, occupancy factor, controlled vs uncontrolled area, max kVp, primary vs secondary barrier.

57
Q

What is workload?

A

(W) Weekly radiation-on time

58
Q

What is the formula for workload?

A

W=# days a week x # pts a day x # exposures per pt x mA x s x 1 minute

59
Q

What is the use factor?

A

(U) aka Beam Direction Factor. The percentage of beam-on time that the beam is directed at that barrier. Full use U=1, partial use U=1/4 (wall, door), occasional use U=1/16 (ceiling)

60
Q

What is the occupancy factor?

A

(T) The time that the area adjacent to the exam room is occupied.

61
Q

What are the values for occupancy factor?

A

T=1 if area is fully occupied (office), 1/2 if pt exam or tx room, 1/5 if corridor or lounge, 1/20 if restroom or storage room, 1/40 if stairway or closet.

62
Q

What is controlled vs uncontrolled ares?

A

Controlled area is primarily occupied by personnel and pts (100 mRem/week). Uncontrolled area is an area that can be occupied by anyone (2 mRem/week)

63
Q

What should tube leakage be limited to?

A

Less than or equal to 100 mR/hour at on meter from tube while tube is energized at max technical factors.

64
Q

What is the primary barrier for a fluoro unit?

A

Image Intensifier

65
Q

What needs to be the thickness of the primary barrier for a fluoro unit?

A

2 mm Pb eq

66
Q

What is the main secondary barrier for a fluoro unit?

A

Curtain or sliding panel

67
Q

What is the minimum protection for the main secondary barrier for a fluoro unit?

A

at least 0.25 mm Pb eq (bucky slot cover also)

68
Q

What is the minimum thickness for lead gloves and aprons?

A

At least 0.25 mm Pb eq. 0.5 mm Pb eq provides significantly more protection.

69
Q

When and where should a patient be shielded?

A

Shield sensitive organs (as long as it won’t obscure area of interest) if the AOI is within 5 cm of properly collimated beam.

RadBio (1 decks)

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