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Geography IGCSE Edexel > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

- Unit 4 Economic Activity and Energy

1
Q

What is an economy?

A

The economy is like a market where goods, services and knowledge are exchanged

Economic activities create jobs, generate income, produce something, or involve sale/consumption.

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2
Q

What are the four sectors of the economy?

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
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3
Q

What does the primary sector involve?

A

The extraction of raw materials to be supplied to other industries

Examples include agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining.

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4
Q

What is the secondary sector responsible for?

A

The processing, manufacturing, or assembling of raw materials into finished goods

Examples include food processing, manufacturing, car assembling, and construction.

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5
Q

Define the tertiary sector.

A

The provision of goods and services for the public

Examples include healthcare, retail, cinemas, schools, banks, and legal services.

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6
Q

What does the quaternary sector entail?

A

People or industries who provide specialist information and expertise to all the above sectors

Examples include research and development, design engineering, and financial management.

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7
Q

How is economic growth measured?

A

Usually measured in gross domestic product (GDP)

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8
Q

What are the classifications of levels of development based on GDP per capita?

A
  • Developing – less than $10,000 USD
  • Emerging – $10,000 to $30,000 USD
  • Developed – more than $30,000 USD
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9
Q

What is employment?

A

The state of having a paid job or engaging in productive work

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10
Q

What factors can cause employment patterns to vary across regions?

A
  • Difference in industries
  • Labour availability
  • Technology
  • Demands for goods & services
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11
Q

Name a cause of employment change over time.

A
  • Increasing mechanisation
  • Rural-urban migration
  • Technological advancements
  • Globalisation
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12
Q

What is increasing mechanisation?

A

Mechanisation in agriculture leads to a decrease in farming-related jobs

Examples include tractors, harvesters, and automatic irrigation systems.

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13
Q

What is rural-urban migration?

A

People from rural areas move to urban areas to find job opportunities in the secondary/tertiary sectors

This leads to increasing urbanisation.

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14
Q

How do technological advancements affect employment?

A

Creates more diverse opportunities for economic activities/incomes

Higher levels of education lead to more jobs in the tertiary sector.

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15
Q

What is globalisation in terms of employment?

A

Manufacturing is shifted to places with the cheapest labour

It creates employment opportunities for skilled workers globally.

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16
Q

True or False: Economic growth is the only measure of how well a country and its people are doing.

A

False

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17
Q

State an economic activity in the secondary sector.

A

Food processing

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ sector involves the provision of goods and services for the public.

A

tertiary

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19
Q

Explain a reason for changes in employment over time.

A

Increasing mechanisation leads to a decrease in farming-related jobs.

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20
Q

What are the locational factors affecting economic activities?

A

Physical factors and human factors

Physical factors include raw materials, land, energy, and climate. Human factors include capital, transport, communications, market, labour, and government policies.

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21
Q

What are the physical factors that affect the location of economic activities?

A

Raw materials, land, energy, climate

These factors determine the suitability of a location for specific economic activities.

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22
Q

What are the human factors that affect the location of economic activities?

A

Capital, transport, communications, market, labour, government policies

These factors influence the operational and logistical aspects of economic activities.

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23
Q

What is a key location factor for most economic activities?

A

Accessibility

Accessibility determines how easily businesses and services can reach their customers and resources.

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24
Q

What is the Central Business District (CBD)?

A

The commercial and economic hub of a city

The CBD typically has a concentration of transport networks, infrastructure, and administrative services.

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25
What characterizes the population density in a CBD?
Higher population density compared to other regions of the city/country ## Footnote This is due to the accessibility and concentration of services and jobs in the CBD.
26
What is decentralisation in the context of economic activities?
The movement of economic activities from city centres to the rural-urban fringe ## Footnote This trend involves people and businesses relocating to suburban areas and beyond.
27
What are some reasons for decentralisation?
Lower housing and living costs, improved infrastructure, rise in standard of living, lack of urban planning, population growth, lifestyle preferences ## Footnote These factors encourage businesses and individuals to move away from the CBD.
28
State two factors influencing the location of economic activities.
Physical factors, human factors ## Footnote Examples include raw materials and capital.
29
Define the term “central business district”.
The commercial and economic hub of a city ## Footnote It is characterized by high accessibility and concentration of services.
30
Define the term “decentralisation”.
The movement of economic activities from city centres to the rural-urban fringe ## Footnote This reflects changing preferences for living and working locations.
31
Explain one reason why some businesses are located in the CBD.
Accessibility to transport networks and customers ## Footnote This makes it easier for businesses to attract clients and facilitate logistics.
32
What does CBD stand for in urban planning?
Central Business District ## Footnote CBD refers to the commercial and business center of a city.
33
What is the term for the area surrounding a city?
Suburban ## Footnote Suburban areas typically consist of residential neighborhoods located outside of urban centers.
34
What is the term for the outer edge of a city?
Urban fringe ## Footnote The urban fringe is the transition zone between the urban and rural areas.
35
Fill in the blank: The _____ area is characterized by little pollution and attractive environments.
suburban
36
What is an inner urban ring?
A zone surrounding the central urban area ## Footnote It often contains mixed-use developments and is influenced by the CBD.
37
True or False: The urban fringe typically has high levels of pollution.
False ## Footnote The urban fringe is generally less polluted compared to inner urban areas.
38
What is a characteristic of an attractive environment in urban planning?
Low pollution levels ## Footnote Attractive environments are often prioritized for residential and recreational purposes.
39
What model explains changes in the importance of economic sectors as a country develops?
The Clark-Fisher model ## Footnote The Clark-Fisher model illustrates how employment shifts among primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors during economic development.
40
How do sectors contribute to a country's GDP or GNI?
Sectors contribute by varying percentages of economic output and employment ## Footnote Each sector (primary, secondary, tertiary) has a distinct role in generating national income.
41
What are some examples of natural resources that can run out?
Examples include: * Oil * Natural gas * Coal * Freshwater ## Footnote These resources are finite and can be depleted, impacting economic activities.
42
What technological improvements affect sector employment?
Technological improvements include: * Mechanisation of agriculture and manufacturing * Improvements in transport * ICT advancements ## Footnote These changes lead to increased efficiency and shifts in labor demand.
43
What does 'reduced friction of distance' imply?
It implies cheaper and quicker ways to move people and goods ## Footnote This concept enhances connectivity and trade efficiency.
44
Define globalisation in the context of the economy.
Globalisation is the process where places in the world are drawn together into a single global economy ## Footnote This is facilitated by a growing network of links and organizations.
45
What is the cycle of growth in the tertiary sector?
The cycle of growth involves: * Increased earnings fulfilling basic needs * Disposable income spent on non-essentials * Changing lifestyle preferences ## Footnote This leads to growth in services and the tertiary sector as economies develop.
46
Explain the multiplier effect.
The multiplier effect is the phenomenon where one improvement leads to further enhancements in other areas ## Footnote This can apply to economic growth, employment, and living standards.
47
Fill in the blank: The availability of raw materials can lead to changes in sector employment due to _______.
[resource availability] ## Footnote The availability of resources influences which sectors can thrive and how labor shifts among them.
48
Fill in the blank: Globalisation leads to changes in sector employment by creating _______.
[global networks] ## Footnote These networks facilitate trade and investment, influencing labor demands across sectors.
49
Fill in the blank: Technological improvements lead to changes in sector employment by enabling _______.
[increased efficiency] ## Footnote This often results in labor shifts from primary to secondary and tertiary sectors.
50
True or False: The tertiary sector grows as disposable income increases.
True ## Footnote As people earn more, they tend to spend more on services and non-essential goods.
51
What period marks the Industrial Revolution in the UK?
1750-1900
52
What was the percentage of employment in the primary sector in the UK by 1900?
15%
53
In which decade did the tertiary sector in the UK overtake the secondary sector?
1950s
54
What percentage of people were employed in the tertiary sector in the UK by 2021?
>70%
55
State two positive impacts of deindustrialisation in the UK.
* Improvements in the environment * Decreased levels of pollution
56
State two negative impacts of deindustrialisation in the UK.
* Job losses in the secondary sector * Large areas of deprivation in inner city areas
57
What has been a significant consequence of transnational corporations (TNCs) in the UK?
Moved factories and offices to developing countries
58
Since what year has China opened up to global trade?
1978
59
By 2005, in which sectors were most people employed in China?
Secondary/tertiary sectors
60
What is becoming increasingly important in China's economy in the 21st century?
Tertiary sector
61
State two positive impacts of economic development in China.
* Increased incomes and higher standard of living * More investment in services
62
State two negative impacts of economic development in China.
* Migration to urban areas leading to rural depopulation * Inequality between urban and rural
63
What is the backbone of Kenya’s economy?
Agricultural sector
64
What percentage of the Kenyan population is employed in agriculture?
Over 40%
65
What has increased in Kenya's economy besides agriculture?
Tertiary sector
66
State two positive impacts of sector shifts in Kenya.
* Increased incomes and higher standard of living * More investment in services
67
State two negative impacts of sector shifts in Kenya.
* Increased migration to urban areas leading to informal settlements * Inequality between urban rich and rural poor

Geography IGCSE Edexel (4 decks)

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