Unit 4 Flashcards
Endosymbiont theory
Mitochondria and chloroplasts originate from other prokaryotic cells as they have similar morphology, divide by fission, and create own dna
Mitochondria’s have greatly decreased in size compared to ancestral form by
Transferring genes to nucleus, loss of unnecessary structures, and overall gene loss
Why are mitochondria and chloroplasts semi autonomous
They have their own circular dna, replicate independently by binary fission, have own ribosomes, can synthesis some of their own proteins
What organelles contain remain at genomes carried on circular chromosomes which reflect the evolutionary origins of that organelle
Chloroplasts and mitochondria
Where are chloroplast proteins synthesized
Stroma and cytoplasm
Mitochondrial import is highly regulated and known as a
Unidirectional process
Since a mitochondrial import signal is typically cleaved off and degraded after a protein is successfully imported it is very unlikely that if the protein was removed
The protein could travel back from cytoplasm to nucleus
When are import signals recognized
After the protein has been released from the ribosome
Nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins use what import signal
TOM/TIM
Nuclear encoded thylakoid lumen proteins use what import signal
TOC/TIC
ATP prodiction in mitochondria can be done via
SLP, and OXPHOS
ATP production in chloroplasts via
SLP, and photophosphorylation
What forms the proton gradient for chemiosmotic coupling in mitochondria
Energy that is released from oxidation of food molecules
What forms proton gradient for chemiosmotic coupling in chloroplasts
The sun energy
ATP synthase
Is a mechanical motor that uses electrochemical proton gradient to make atp
Most acidic area of mitochondrion
Inter membrane space, protons are pumped from matrix to this space
How does mitochondria catalyze major conversion of energy
Oxidation of glucose and OXPHOS
Glycolysis occurs in the
Cytosol
Electron acceptor in OXPHOS
Oxygen
Electron donor in OXPHOS
NADH FADH2
Plastid
Type of soluble membrane organelle found in plants cells that play a role in photosynthesis, storage, pigment
Carbon fixation reactions occur in the
Stroma
Site of ETC in chloroplasts
Thylakoid membrane
Protons in chloroplast accumulate in
Thylakoid lumen
Electron donor for photophosphorylation
Water
Terminal electron acceptor in photophosphorylation
NADP+
Final product of photophosphorylation
Sugars
What does carbon fixation need to proceed
Co2, ATP NADPH, RuBP, rubisco
How does a plant get the energy it needs to perform normal cellular process
Sugars made by photosynthesis can be used by respiration to make atp
