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Psych Chapter 4 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cognition

A

Cognition is Thinking

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2
Q

Parts of Cognition

A

Perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language and memory

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3
Q

Define Cognitive Psychology

A

Examines how people think, why they do what they do.

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4
Q

Define Concepts

A

Categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or meories

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5
Q

Define Prototypes

A

Best example of a concept

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6
Q

Define Natural Concepts

A

Created Naturally through your experiences

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7
Q

Define Artificial Concept

A

Defined by a specific set of characteristics

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8
Q

Define Scheme

A

Mental Construct of a cluster or collection of related topics

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9
Q

Define Role Scheme

A

Make Assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave

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10
Q

Define Event Schema

A

AKA Cognitive Script: Set of behaviors that feel like a routine

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11
Q

Define Language

A

Communication System using words and systematic rules to organize words to communicate with others

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12
Q

What are the components of language + Defs

A

Lexicon: Words of a given Language
Grammar: Set of Rules
Phoneme: Basic Sound Language
Morphemes: Smallest Unit that Carry Language

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13
Q

What are the three problem-solving strategies

A

Trial and Error: Continue trying different solutions until the problem is solved
Algorithm: Step-by-step problem-solving formula
Heuristic: General problem-solving framework

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14
Q

Define Mental Set

A

When you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is not working now

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15
Q

What are the types of Biases + Def

A

Anchoring: Tendency to focus on one particular piece of information when making decisions or problem-solving
Confirmation: Focus on information that confirms existing beliefs.
Hindsight: Belief that the event experience was predictable
Availability: Decision based upon either an available precident or an example that may be faulty
Self-Serving: A readiness to perceive oneself favorably

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16
Q

Define Emotion

A

Subjective state of being; our feelings

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17
Q

What are the components of Emotion

A

Physiological Arousal, Subjective Experiences, Psychological Appraisal.

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18
Q

Define Stress

A

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

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19
Q

Define Stressors

A

Demanding or Threatening Events

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20
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary appraisal

A

Primary Appraisal: judging the degree of potential harm or the threat to your well-being.
Secondary Appraisal: Threat, so what are my options.

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21
Q

Eustress Definition

A

Good stress and positive feelings

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22
Q

Distress Definition

A

Bad stress, burned out

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23
Q

Define G.A.S.

A

General Adaption Syndrome

24
Q

What are the 3 stages of G.A.S.

A
  1. You have an alarm reaction
  2. You are ready to resist the trauma and to fight back
  3. Constant stress causes exhaustion and as time passes and no relief from stress your reserves run out.
25
Define HPA
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (Stress alters immune function)
26
Define Cortisol
Stress hormone that provides a boost of energy when hit with a stressor which is okay in short burst.
27
What is the leading cause of death in the U.S. and some factors that increase the risk of it.
Coronary Heart Disease which can be increased by High Blood Pressure, Family History, Smoking, and Obesity.
28
What are the 3 types of personalitys
Type A: Completive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. Type B: Easygoing, laid-back, relaxed people Type D: People who suppress their negative emotions to avoid social disapproval.
29
Define Coping
Reducing Stress using mental or behavioral methods
30
Define Personal Control
Refers to how much we perceive having control over out environment rather than feeling helpless
31
Define Learned Helplessness
The Hopelessness and passive resignation a being learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
32
Describe the Locus of Control
Internal: Those that believe they, themselves, control their own destiny External: Those that believe their fate is controlled by outside forces.
33
Define Optimism
The anticipation of positive outcomes
34
Define Pessimism
The Anticipation of negative outcomes
35
Define social support
Feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family; promotes both health and happiness
36
Define Open-Heart Therapy
A chance to confide painful feelings and sort things out
37
What are methods to manage stress
Aerobic Exercise, Relaxation and Mediation
38
Define Faith Factor
Religion offers healthy lifestyles, social support, and positive emotions
39
Define Resilience
The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
40
Define Personality
An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
41
Define Psychodynamic Theories
Focuses on unconscious childhood experiences
42
Define the Id, Ego, and Superego
Id: Primitive, instinctive Ego: Decision-making Superego: Morality
43
What Was The Goal of Neo-Freudian Theories
Focused on social environment and effects of culture; deemphasized sex
44
Define Collective Unconscious
A shared inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
45
Define Archetypes
Represented by universal themes in various cultures, expressed through literature, art, and dreams
46
What are the 5 levels of the hierarchy of needs
Self-actualization: Inner fulfillment Esteem: Self-worth, accomplishment, confidence Social: Family, friendship, intimacy, belonging Security: Safety, Employment, assets Physiological: Food, water, shelter, warmth
47
Define Self-Concept
Our thoughts and feelings about ourselves
48
Define Ideal Self
The person you would like to be
49
Define Real Self
The person you actually are
50
Define Congruence
Balance between our ideal and real selfs
51
Define Trait Theories
Characteristic patterns of behaviors or a disposition to feel and act
52
What is social-cognitive theories
Behaviors is the interaction for traits and context Behavior - Cognitive Factors - Situational Factors
53
Define the Possible Selves
Who you wish to, or fear, becoming
54
Define the Spotlight Effect
Presume that others are noticing and evaluating us
55
Define Self-Esteem
Feelings of high or low self worth
56
Effects of Self-Esteem
Higher: Lower Anxiety, more persistence with difficult tasks, less shy or lonely Lower: Oversensitive and more judgmental

Psych Chapter 4 (1 decks)

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