Unit 4

Question 2

What are emetics?

Answer 2

Drugs that induce vomiting and are used in early treatment of poisoning or drug overdoses.

Question 3

When are emetics not used?

Answer 3

When a substance ingested is caustic, in animals that cannot vomit, and in patients that are comatose, seizing, in shock, or dyspneic.

Question 4

What is a significant risk associated with continued vomiting?

Answer 4

Loss of sodium, potassium, and chloride, with potassium loss being the most significant.

Question 5

What are centrally-acting emetics?

Answer 5

Drugs that stimulate nervous pathways to the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ) in the brain that induce vomiting.

Question 6

Name a drug in the centrally-acting emetics category.

Answer 6

Apomorphine.

Question 7

How is apomorphine administered to dogs?

Answer 7

It can be given intravenously or as a tablet placed in the conjunctiva.

Question 8

What are locally-acting emetics?

Answer 8

Drugs that irritate the stomach lining or GI tract to trigger vomiting.

Question 9

Name a drug in the locally-acting emetics category.

Answer 9

Hydrogen peroxide.

Question 10

What are antiemetics?

Answer 10

Drugs that control nausea and vomiting.

Question 11

What is the purpose of phenothiazine derivatives?

Answer 11

They induce tranquilization and inhibit the CRTZ and the emetic center.

Question 12

Name a drug in the phenothiazine derivatives category.

Answer 12

Chlorpromazine.

Question 13

What do procainamide derivatives do?

Answer 13

They decrease stimulation of the CRTZ and increase gastric motility.

Question 14

What is the function of antihistamines in treating nausea?

Answer 14

They block vestibular input to the CRTZ to control motion sickness vomiting.

Question 15

Name a drug in the antihistamines category.

Answer 15

Dimenhydrinate.

Question 16

What do serotonin receptor antagonists do?

Answer 16

They block serotonin in the CRTZ and vagal nerve terminals.

Question 17

Name a drug in the serotonin receptor antagonists category.

Answer 17

Ondansetron.

Question 18

What is the role of neurokinin receptor antagonists?

Answer 18

They block the action of a key CNS neurotransmitter involved in emesis.

Question 19

Name a neurokinin receptor antagonist.

Answer 19

Maropitant.

Question 20

What are gastroprotectants?

Answer 20

Drugs that protect the stomach mucosa from ulcers.

Question 21

What are H2 receptor antagonists used for?

Answer 21

They act as competitive antagonists to histamine at parietal cell H2 receptors.

Question 22

Name a drug in the H2 receptor antagonists category.

Answer 22

Famotidine.

Question 23

What do proton-pump inhibitors do?

Answer 23

They prevent hydrogen ions from being pumped into the stomach.

Question 24

Name a drug in the proton-pump inhibitors category.

Answer 24

Omeprazole.

Question 25

What are gastromucosal protectants?

Answer 25

They cover ulcers in the stomach and GI tract to protect from stomach acid.

Question 26

What are prostaglandin E1 analogues used for?

Answer 26

They inhibit stomach parietal cells from secreting hydrogen ions and increase mucus production.

Question 27

Name a prostaglandin E1 analogue.

Answer 27

Misoprostol.

Question 28

What do gastrointestinal stimulants do?

Answer 28

They increase GI motility.

Question 29

What type of drugs are appetite stimulants?

Answer 29

Drugs that increase appetite to restore GI function.

Question 30

Name a drug used as an appetite stimulant.

Answer 30

Mirtazapine.

Question 31

What is diarrhea?

Answer 31

Passage of loose stool with increased frequency.

Question 32

What are synthetic narcotics used for in diarrhea treatment?

Answer 32

They decrease movement of gut contents and inhibit secretions.

Question 33

Name a synthetic narcotic used for diarrhea.

Answer 33

Loperamide.

Question 34

What are protectant compounds?

Answer 34

Compounds that coat the lining of the intestine to reduce irritation.

Question 35

What are adsorbent compounds used for?

Answer 35

They absorb and retain toxic compounds produced by bacteria.

Question 36

Name an adsorbent compound.

Answer 36

Activated charcoal.

Question 37

What are antimicrobial agents used for?

Answer 37

They treat diarrhea due to bacterial infections.

Question 38

Name an antimicrobial agent.

Answer 38

Metronidazole.

Question 39

What are immunosuppressants used for in diarrhea treatment?

Answer 39

They are used when diarrhea is due to inflammation or allergy.

Question 40

Name an immunosuppressant.

Answer 40

Azathioprine.

Question 41

What are laxatives?

Answer 41

Drugs that loosen bowel contents to encourage emptying.

Question 42

What are bulk-producing agents?

Answer 42

Agents that draw water into the colon to stimulate peristalsis.

Question 43

Name a bulk-producing agent.

Answer 43

Psyllium.

Question 44

What are lubricants used for?

Answer 44

They soften stool or ease passage.

Question 45

Name a lubricant.

Answer 45

Laxatone.

Question 46

What are irritants and purgatives?

Answer 46

Drugs that cause a marked increase in intestinal activity by irritating the GI wall.

Question 47

What is constipation?

Answer 47

Prolonged fecal transit time.

Question 48

What are ruminatorics?

Answer 48

Drugs that stimulate a static rumen.

Question 49

Name a ruminatoric.

Answer 49

Neostigmine methylsulphate.

Question 50

What do antifrothing agents do?

Answer 50

Control frothy bloat by reducing foam production.

Question 51

Name an antifrothing agent.

Answer 51

Dioctylsodium sulfosuccinate.