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Unit 4 APhug > UNIT 4 > Flashcards

UNIT 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary building blocks of the world political map?

A

Independent states

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2
Q

Define a state.

A

A country with defined territory, permanent population, government, sovereignty, and recognition from other states

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3
Q

What is sovereignty?

A

The right of a government to control and defend its territory and determine what happens within its borders

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4
Q

What is the difference between a country and a nation?

A

A country is a political entity; a nation is a cultural entity

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5
Q

What defines a nation?

A

A group of people with a common identity through shared cultural traits such as language, religion, ethnicity, and heritage

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6
Q

What is a nation-state?

A

A state with ideally only one nation, where the borders of the nation match the borders of the state

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7
Q

Provide an example of a nation-state.

A

Japan: 98% Japanese, 70% Shinto & Buddhist

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8
Q

What is a multi-state nation?

A

A population that shares a cultural or ethnic background but lives in more than one country

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9
Q

What is a multinational state?

A

A country with various ethnicities and cultures within its borders

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10
Q

What is a stateless nation?

A

Nations of people without a state to occupy

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11
Q

Give an example of a stateless nation.

A

The Kurds

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12
Q

Define territoriality.

A

An attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area

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13
Q

What is colonialism?

A

The practice of claiming and dominating overseas territories

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14
Q

What is neocolonialism?

A

The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries

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15
Q

What is a choke point?

A

A strategic strait or canal that is narrow and hard to pass through, often crucial for shipping commodities

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16
Q

What is a political boundary?

A

A vertical plane that cuts through the airspace and ground to determine state ownership

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17
Q

What is an antecedent boundary?

A

Borders established before major settlement by people in a territory

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18
Q

What is a subsequent boundary?

A

Borders drawn in areas already settled by people, typically due to changes over time

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19
Q

Define a relic boundary.

A

A border that no longer exists but has left an imprint on the local cultural or environmental geography

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20
Q

What is a superimposed boundary?

A

A boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern

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21
Q

What is devolution?

A

The process where central power in a state is broken up among regional authorities

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22
Q

What is a federal state?

A

A style of government where power is shared between central, regional, and local governments

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23
Q

What is a unitary state?

A

A style of government where power is located centrally, with regional units carrying out policies

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24
Q

What is the census?

A

An official count conducted every 10 years to gather data on age and race

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25
Q

What is reapportionment?

A

The process in which U.S. House of Representatives seats are re-allocated to different states based on population change

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26
Q

What is redistricting?

A

The process of redrawing internal political boundaries that determine voting districts

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27
Q

What are maritime boundaries?

A

Limits defined by international law regarding territorial seas, exclusive economic zones, and contiguous zones

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28
Q

What is territorial sea?

A

The area extending 12 nautical miles from the coastline where a state has complete sovereignty

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29
Q

What is an exclusive economic zone (EEZ)?

A

An area extending 200 nautical miles from the coastline where a state has special rights over marine resources

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30
Q

What is a landlocked country?

A

A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea

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31
Q

What is irredentism?

A

The attempt to acquire territories in neighboring states inhabited by people of the same nation

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32
Q

What is the median line principle?

A

A method for drawing maritime boundaries that is midway between two or more states’ coasts

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33
Q

What is reapportionment?

A

Process in which U.S. House of Representatives seats are re-allocated to different states, based on population change.

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34
Q

How many congressional districts are there in the U.S.?

A

435 congressional districts.

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35
Q

What is the electoral college?

A

Organization that utilizes the popular vote to vote for president.

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36
Q

What happens when a state loses a congressional seat?

A

Loss of congressional seat = loss of electoral college seat.

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37
Q

How many total seats are in the electoral college?

A

538 in electoral college.

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38
Q

What are the components of the electoral college?

A
  • 435 US representatives
  • 100 senators
  • 3 representing DC, Washington
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39
Q

What is redistricting?

A

States internal political boundaries that determine voting districts for the US House of Representatives and the state legislatures.

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40
Q

What are voting districts?

A

A geographic term used by state and local governments to organize elections.

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41
Q

Who draws voting districts?

A

Drawn by state legislatures.

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42
Q

What are the requirements for voting districts?

A
  • Similar population size
  • Contiguous - single unbroken shape
  • Compact - smooth boundaries clustering around a core
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43
Q

What is an ideal representative district?

A

Voting districts that are equal in population, contiguous, and compact.

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44
Q

What is gerrymandering?

A

Redistricting for a political advantage.

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45
Q

What is packing in gerrymandering?

A

Clustering like-minded voters in a single district.

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46
Q

What is cracking in gerrymandering?

A

Dispersing like-minded voters among multiple districts.

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47
Q

What are the results of gerrymandering?

A
  • Impacts election results at various scales
  • Can lower voter participation
  • Shift in partisan political power
  • Lack of sense of community in the district
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48
Q

What role do race and ethnicity play in gerrymandering?

A

They influence the drawing of gerrymandered boundaries.

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49
Q

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 achieve?

A

Created new majority-minority districts where minorities made up the majority of voters.

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50
Q

What is the advantage of at-large representatives?

A

They keep the interests of the entire community in mind and tend to be less partisan.

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51
Q

What is the disadvantage of at-large representatives?

A

Minority groups in at-large districts are underrepresented.

52
Q

What is the advantage of single-member districts?

A

Allow for greater representation of all groups.

53
Q

What is nationalism?

A

The identification with a group sharing legal attachment and loyalty to a country, similar to ethnicity but with different meanings.

54
Q

What is devolution?

A

The process in which regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government.

55
Q

List factors that lead to the devolution of states.

A
  • Cultural diversity
  • Regional economic difference
  • Physical geography
56
Q

What is autonomy?

A

Independence, freedom, self-governing.

57
Q

What is ethnic separatism?

A

When people of a particular ethnicity identify more strongly as members of their ethnic group than as citizens of the state.

58
Q

True or False: Ethnic cleansing is a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful ethnic group.

A

True

59
Q

What is irredentism?

A

A majority ethnic group wants to claim territory from a neighboring state due to a shared culture with the people residing across the border.

60
Q

Define compact state.

A

A rounded state with a similar distance from the center to any boundary.

61
Q

What is a fragmented state?

A

A state with multiple noncontiguous pieces, often separated by water.

62
Q

What was the purpose of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

To redraw boundaries in Europe and Southwest Asia after WWI, breaking up empires to create nation-states.

63
Q

What does self-determination refer to?

A

The right of all people to govern themselves.

64
Q

What is apartheid?

A

A program of racial segregation implemented in South Africa after World War II until the 1990s.

65
Q

What are centrifugal forces?

A

Forces that lead to the disintegration of a state, often resulting in failed states.

66
Q

What is ethnonationalism?

A

When the people of a country identify as having one common ethnicity, language, and religion, creating a sense of pride and unity.

67
Q

What are supranational organizations?

A

Alliances of three or more states that work together in pursuit of common goals.

68
Q

What is the significance of the Berlin Conference?

A

It marked the height of colonialism and imperialism, leading to the partitioning of Africa.

69
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ refers to the systematic use of violence to intimidate a population or coerce a government.

A

[terrorism]

70
Q

What are some examples of states that have experienced devolution?

A
  • Catalonia
  • Basque
  • Quebec
  • Flanders
71
Q

What does the term ‘failed state’ refer to?

A

A state where centrifugal forces are strong enough to threaten sovereignty and the government cannot provide essential services.

72
Q

What are the permanent member states of the United Nations Security Council?

A
  • Russia
  • China
  • United States
  • France
  • Great Britain
73
Q

What is the primary goal of the United Nations?

A

To maintain peace and security and promote economic and social development.

74
Q

What event in 2014 is related to irredentism in Ukraine?

A

Russia’s annexation of Crimea.

75
Q

True or False: The fall of the Soviet Union resulted in a number of newly independent states.

A

True

76
Q

What is the impact of time-space compression on state sovereignty?

A

It increases devolutionary pressures and challenges to state sovereignty.

77
Q

What are the permanent members of the UN Security Council?

A

Russia, China, United States, France, Great Britain

78
Q

Which two observer states cannot vote in the UN?

A

Vatican City, Palestine

79
Q

What was the last country to join the UN and in what year?

A

South Sudan in 2011

80
Q

What is NATO?

A

Military alliance

81
Q

When was NATO founded?

A

October 24, 1945

82
Q

Is Russia a member of NATO?

A

No

83
Q

How many member states are in NATO?

A

29 member states

84
Q

What organization governs common economic, social, and security issues in Europe?

A

European Union (EU)

85
Q

When was the EU founded?

A

November 10, 1993

86
Q

How many member states are in the EU?

A

27 member states

87
Q

What is the single currency used by the EU?

A

Euro

88
Q

What is Brexit?

A

UK leaving the EU

89
Q

What is ASEAN?

A

International organization to accelerate economic growth and maintain peace in Southeast Asia

90
Q

When was ASEAN founded?

A

August 8, 1967

91
Q

How many member states are in ASEAN?

A

10 member states

92
Q

What is the Arctic Council?

A

High-level intergovernmental council addressing Arctic issues

93
Q

When was the Arctic Council founded?

A

September 19, 1996

94
Q

How many member states are in the Arctic Council?

A

8 member states

95
Q

What is the primary issue addressed by the Arctic Council?

A

Climate change

96
Q

What is the African Union?

A

Intergovernmental organization promoting unity and economic development in Africa

97
Q

When was the African Union founded?

A

July 9, 2002

98
Q

How many member states are in the African Union?

A

55 member states

99
Q

What is the purpose of Mercosur?

A

Economic integration and creation of a large market

100
Q

How many full member states are in Mercosur?

A

4 full member states

101
Q

What is the Southern African Development Community (SADC)?

A

Community development organization

102
Q

How many member states are in SADC?

A

16 member states

103
Q

What is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)?

A

Eurasian political, economic, and security alliance

104
Q

How many member states are in the SCO?

A

8 member states

105
Q

What is the Arab League?

A

Political, cultural, economic, and social organization

106
Q

How many member states are in the Arab League?

A

22 member states

107
Q

What is the Pacific Alliance?

A

Latin American trade bloc

108
Q

How many member states are in the Pacific Alliance?

A

4 member states

109
Q

What is the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)?

A

Trading bloc between North American countries

110
Q

How many member states are in the USMCA?

A

3 member states

111
Q

What is a positive of supranational organizations?

A

Decrease conflict and promote cooperation

112
Q

What is a negative of supranational organizations?

A

Can challenge state sovereignty

113
Q

What is the Domino Theory?

A

Political destabilization in one country can lead to collapse in neighboring countries

114
Q

What does NGO stand for?

A

Non-Governmental Organization

115
Q

What are microstates?

A

Tiny, usually homogenous states

116
Q

Define exclave.

A

A territorial outlier of one state surrounded by another state’s territory

117
Q

Define enclave.

A

A piece of territory surrounded by a country not ruled by that country

118
Q

What is the East/West divide?

A

Geographic separation between democratic and communist countries

119
Q

What is the North/South divide?

A

Socio-economic and political division between wealthy and poorer countries

120
Q

What is a tipping point in demographic terms?

A

Degree of ethnic mixing that induces majority group to move out rapidly

121
Q

Who wrote the theory of Lebensraum?

A

Friedrich Ratzel

122
Q

What is the Heartland Theory?

A

He who rules inland Europe rules the world

123
Q

Who proposed the Rimland Theory?

A

Nicholas Spykman

124
Q

What is geopolitics concerned with?

A

Achievement and maintenance of power strategies

125
Q

What was a key feature of the Cold War?

A

Competition and tension between the United States and the Soviet Union

Unit 4 APhug (1 decks)

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