unit 4 Flashcards
sternal angle level
T4/5
what landmark splits the mediastinum
sternal angle at T4/5
middle inferior mediastinum contents (3)
heart
aortic arch
root of lung
most anterior structure of superior mediastinum
thymus
what is the pericardial cavity filled with
serous fluid
pericardium
fibrous sac surrounding heart and roots of great vessels
serous layer
parietal and visceral
parent structure of pericardiophrenic artery
internal thoracic cavity
where does the pericardiophrenic vein drain into
left: brachiocephalic vein
right: SVC
what causes pericarditis and what relieves it
infection
leaning forward
what causes constrictive pericarditis and how to detect it
excessive thickening of parietal pericardial sac which compresses the heart
jugular vein pulse drop with inspiration
where does the azygos vein empty
SVC and IVC
spinal level of xiphoid process
T10
fissure(s) in right lung
oblique and horizontal
fissure(s) in left lung
oblique
which lung has a lungula
left
hila
passageway for roots into lungs
what spinal level does bronchial tree split
T4/5
carina
structure between split of bronchial tree that supports it
pneumothorax
collapsed lung
pleural reflection
lungs adapt and mold to things around it
3 recesses for lung expansion
costomediastinal
cardiac notch
costodiaphragmatic
what structure is the pericardial sac fused with
central tendon
phrenic nerve innervates…
diaphragm
pericardial sac
which lung has the groove for SVC, IVC, brachiocephalic vein, esophagus
right lung
which lung has the groove for aorta and thoracic duct
left lung
voice box
larynx
epiglottis
closes over trachea during swallowing
2 structures that support the larynx
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
where does gas exchange occur
alveoli sacs
primary, secondary, and tertiary branches of tracheobronchial tree
1* = main bronchus
2* = lobar bronchi
3* = segmental bronchi
2 most common diagnosis for COPD
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
4 progression steps of COPD
loss in elasticity
air sac wall destruction
thick/inflamed walls
mucous clogs airways
6 main symptoms of COPD
chronic cough
production of mucous
fatigue
dyspnea
shortness of breath
chest discomfort
longest wandering nerve
vagus (CNX)
R/L pulmonary plexus
autonomic nervous system that regulates HR + fight/flight
what structure separates L + R ventricles
posterior interventricular groove
LUB
systolic
closing of tri/bicuspid
DUB
distolic
closing of lunar valves (aortic/pulm)
parent structure of SA nodal branch
RCA
LAD parent structure
LCA
widowmaker
LAD
more common in men and is deadly
which is more common: LCA or RCA dominant blood supply to SA node
RCA is most common
which 3 heart vessels are most likely to cause MI (give percentages too)
LAD branch of LCA (40-50%)
RCA (30-40%)
circumflex LCA (15-20%)
3 coronary sinus branches
great, middle, + small cardiac veins
papillary muscle + tendinous cords function
holds tri/bicuspid valves in place during systole to prevent backflow
SA node location
upper wall of RA
AV node location
bottom left corner of RA near center of heart
trabeculae carneae
irregular muscular RIDGES/bands that project into ventricular lumen
gives spongy texture
infundibulum
smooth outflow tract leading to pulmonary valve and trunk
inferior border of the heart lines up with which costal cartilage
6th
heart conduction pathway
SA node
Atrial myocytes
AV node
Bundle of His
R/L bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
the closure of aortic and pulmonary valves causes the ventricular pressure to __(increase/decrease)__
decrease
auscultation
listening to the valves of the heart
mitral area for auscultation
left 5th intercostal space near nipple
tricuspid area for auscultation
left 4th intercostal space near lower sternal border
spinal level symptoms of cardiac referred pain
C5,6
C8,T1
vagus nerve innervations
trachea/bronchi/esophagus
heart
intestines
sensory
is phrenic or vagus more posterior
vagus
is phrenic or vagus more proximal
vagus
what nerve causes hoarseness
recurrent laryngeal nerve
where does diaphragm refer pain to
shoulder (phrenic is C3-5)
what nerve is “pinned” to the front of the anterior scalene
phrenic nerve
visceral afferents
uses sympathetic and vagus nerve to signal cardiac pain
ligamentum arteriosum
ligament connecting aortic arch to pulmonary trunk
bregma vs lambda location on skull
anterior on by frontal bone
posterior by occipital bone
glabella
bone area in between eyebrows
piriform aperture
right under nasal bone
zygomatic bone
cheek bone
alveolar process
above top teeth
pterion
“temple” area
weakest area of skull
where 4 bones connect
7 bones of orbit
frontal
sphenoid
lacrimal
ethmoid
maxilla
zygomatic
inion
point right under the external occipital protuberance
orbicularis oculi
- palpebral
- orbital
palpebral = gently shuts eye
orbital = forcefully shuts eye
occipitofrontalis
wrinkles forehead + lifts eyebrows
nasalis
- transverse
- alar
transverse: comprises nasal aperture
alar: flares nostril
procerus
draws down medial angle of eyebrow
HORIZONTAL wrinkle
depressor septi
pulls nose inferiorly
“bunny”
depressor anguli oris
frown
depressor labii inferioris
lower lip moves down and out like the “yikes” emoji
mentalis
pouts lower lip (raise and protrude)
corrugator supercilii
draws eyebrows medially and downward
11’s wrinkles
risorius
retracts corners of mouth
halfassed smile
zygomaticus
- major
- minor
major: smile (corners)
minor: draws upper lip upward
orbicularis oris
closes lips
“duck lips”
whistle
buccinator
presses cheek against teeth
“blowing bubbles”
bells palsy
whole side of fave
where does stroke happen in face
lower part
upper vs lower disc job
upper = protrusion and retraction
lower = depression and elevation
which part of the TMJ disc has the most blood supply
posterior
posterior disc connects to
sup/inf laminae ligaments
what attaches to the anterior disc
superior lateral pterygoid
masseter
elevate mandible
temporalis
elevate and retract mandible
trigeminal nerve (CN5) splits into 3 branches:
mandibular
maxillary
opthalmic
what nerve innervates the muscles of mastication
mandibular nerve (branch of the trigeminal)
medial pterygoid action
elevate and contralaterally deviate mandible
lateral pterygoid action
protrusion and contralaterally deviate mandible
nerve innervations of digastric muscle
anterior belly = mandibular
posterior belly = facial
mandibular opening order
roll
slide
main elevation muscles in TMJ (3)
masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
main depression muscle in TMJ
lateral pterygoid
main protrusion muscles in TMJ (3)
masseter
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
main retrusion muscle in TMJ
temporalis
main lateral deviation muscles in TMJ
temporalis (ipsi)
med/lat pterygoid (contra)
plagiocephaly
one side of the head is flatter than the other
brachycephaly
posterior head is flat from back lying too much
scaphocephaly
long/squished head
maxillary artery branches into 3 parts
infra
buccal
mental
