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anatomy final crash course > unit 4 > Flashcards

unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

sternal angle level

A

T4/5

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2
Q

what landmark splits the mediastinum

A

sternal angle at T4/5

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3
Q

middle inferior mediastinum contents (3)

A

heart
aortic arch
root of lung

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4
Q

most anterior structure of superior mediastinum

A

thymus

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5
Q

what is the pericardial cavity filled with

A

serous fluid

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6
Q

pericardium

A

fibrous sac surrounding heart and roots of great vessels

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7
Q

serous layer

A

parietal and visceral

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8
Q

parent structure of pericardiophrenic artery

A

internal thoracic cavity

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9
Q

where does the pericardiophrenic vein drain into

A

left: brachiocephalic vein
right: SVC

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10
Q

what causes pericarditis and what relieves it

A

infection
leaning forward

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11
Q

what causes constrictive pericarditis and how to detect it

A

excessive thickening of parietal pericardial sac which compresses the heart

jugular vein pulse drop with inspiration

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12
Q

where does the azygos vein empty

A

SVC and IVC

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13
Q

spinal level of xiphoid process

A

T10

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14
Q

fissure(s) in right lung

A

oblique and horizontal

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15
Q

fissure(s) in left lung

A

oblique

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16
Q

which lung has a lungula

A

left

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17
Q

hila

A

passageway for roots into lungs

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18
Q

what spinal level does bronchial tree split

A

T4/5

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19
Q

carina

A

structure between split of bronchial tree that supports it

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20
Q

pneumothorax

A

collapsed lung

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21
Q

pleural reflection

A

lungs adapt and mold to things around it

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22
Q

3 recesses for lung expansion

A

costomediastinal
cardiac notch
costodiaphragmatic

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23
Q

what structure is the pericardial sac fused with

A

central tendon

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24
Q

phrenic nerve innervates…

A

diaphragm
pericardial sac

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25
Q

which lung has the groove for SVC, IVC, brachiocephalic vein, esophagus

A

right lung

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26
Q

which lung has the groove for aorta and thoracic duct

A

left lung

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27
Q

voice box

A

larynx

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28
Q

epiglottis

A

closes over trachea during swallowing

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29
Q

2 structures that support the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage

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30
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

alveoli sacs

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31
Q

primary, secondary, and tertiary branches of tracheobronchial tree

A

1* = main bronchus
2* = lobar bronchi
3* = segmental bronchi

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32
Q

2 most common diagnosis for COPD

A

chronic bronchitis
emphysema

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33
Q

4 progression steps of COPD

A

loss in elasticity
air sac wall destruction
thick/inflamed walls
mucous clogs airways

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34
Q

6 main symptoms of COPD

A

chronic cough
production of mucous
fatigue
dyspnea
shortness of breath
chest discomfort

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35
Q

longest wandering nerve

A

vagus (CNX)

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36
Q

R/L pulmonary plexus

A

autonomic nervous system that regulates HR + fight/flight

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37
Q

what structure separates L + R ventricles

A

posterior interventricular groove

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38
Q

LUB

A

systolic
closing of tri/bicuspid

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39
Q

DUB

A

distolic
closing of lunar valves (aortic/pulm)

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40
Q

parent structure of SA nodal branch

A

RCA

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41
Q

LAD parent structure

A

LCA

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42
Q

widowmaker

A

LAD
more common in men and is deadly

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43
Q

which is more common: LCA or RCA dominant blood supply to SA node

A

RCA is most common

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44
Q

which 3 heart vessels are most likely to cause MI (give percentages too)

A

LAD branch of LCA (40-50%)
RCA (30-40%)
circumflex LCA (15-20%)

45
Q

3 coronary sinus branches

A

great, middle, + small cardiac veins

46
Q

papillary muscle + tendinous cords function

A

holds tri/bicuspid valves in place during systole to prevent backflow

47
Q

SA node location

A

upper wall of RA

48
Q

AV node location

A

bottom left corner of RA near center of heart

49
Q

trabeculae carneae

A

irregular muscular RIDGES/bands that project into ventricular lumen

gives spongy texture

50
Q

infundibulum

A

smooth outflow tract leading to pulmonary valve and trunk

51
Q

inferior border of the heart lines up with which costal cartilage

A

6th

52
Q

heart conduction pathway

A

SA node
Atrial myocytes
AV node
Bundle of His
R/L bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

53
Q

the closure of aortic and pulmonary valves causes the ventricular pressure to __(increase/decrease)__

A

decrease

54
Q

auscultation

A

listening to the valves of the heart

55
Q

mitral area for auscultation

A

left 5th intercostal space near nipple

56
Q

tricuspid area for auscultation

A

left 4th intercostal space near lower sternal border

57
Q

spinal level symptoms of cardiac referred pain

A

C5,6
C8,T1

58
Q

vagus nerve innervations

A

trachea/bronchi/esophagus
heart
intestines
sensory

59
Q

is phrenic or vagus more posterior

A

vagus

60
Q

is phrenic or vagus more proximal

A

vagus

61
Q

what nerve causes hoarseness

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

62
Q

where does diaphragm refer pain to

A

shoulder (phrenic is C3-5)

63
Q

what nerve is “pinned” to the front of the anterior scalene

A

phrenic nerve

64
Q

visceral afferents

A

uses sympathetic and vagus nerve to signal cardiac pain

65
Q

ligamentum arteriosum

A

ligament connecting aortic arch to pulmonary trunk

66
Q

bregma vs lambda location on skull

A

anterior on by frontal bone
posterior by occipital bone

67
Q

glabella

A

bone area in between eyebrows

68
Q

piriform aperture

A

right under nasal bone

69
Q

zygomatic bone

A

cheek bone

70
Q

alveolar process

A

above top teeth

71
Q

pterion

A

“temple” area
weakest area of skull
where 4 bones connect

72
Q

7 bones of orbit

A

frontal
sphenoid
lacrimal
ethmoid
maxilla
zygomatic

73
Q

inion

A

point right under the external occipital protuberance

74
Q

orbicularis oculi
- palpebral
- orbital

A

palpebral = gently shuts eye
orbital = forcefully shuts eye

75
Q

occipitofrontalis

A

wrinkles forehead + lifts eyebrows

76
Q

nasalis
- transverse
- alar

A

transverse: comprises nasal aperture

alar: flares nostril

77
Q

procerus

A

draws down medial angle of eyebrow
HORIZONTAL wrinkle

78
Q

depressor septi

A

pulls nose inferiorly
“bunny”

79
Q

depressor anguli oris

A

frown

80
Q

depressor labii inferioris

A

lower lip moves down and out like the “yikes” emoji

81
Q

mentalis

A

pouts lower lip (raise and protrude)

82
Q

corrugator supercilii

A

draws eyebrows medially and downward
11’s wrinkles

83
Q

risorius

A

retracts corners of mouth
halfassed smile

84
Q

zygomaticus
- major
- minor

A

major: smile (corners)
minor: draws upper lip upward

85
Q

orbicularis oris

A

closes lips
“duck lips”
whistle

86
Q

buccinator

A

presses cheek against teeth
“blowing bubbles”

87
Q

bells palsy

A

whole side of fave

88
Q

where does stroke happen in face

A

lower part

89
Q

upper vs lower disc job

A

upper = protrusion and retraction
lower = depression and elevation

90
Q

which part of the TMJ disc has the most blood supply

A

posterior

91
Q

posterior disc connects to

A

sup/inf laminae ligaments

92
Q

what attaches to the anterior disc

A

superior lateral pterygoid

93
Q

masseter

A

elevate mandible

94
Q

temporalis

A

elevate and retract mandible

95
Q

trigeminal nerve (CN5) splits into 3 branches:

A

mandibular
maxillary
opthalmic

96
Q

what nerve innervates the muscles of mastication

A

mandibular nerve (branch of the trigeminal)

97
Q

medial pterygoid action

A

elevate and contralaterally deviate mandible

98
Q

lateral pterygoid action

A

protrusion and contralaterally deviate mandible

99
Q

nerve innervations of digastric muscle

A

anterior belly = mandibular
posterior belly = facial

100
Q

mandibular opening order

A

roll
slide

101
Q

main elevation muscles in TMJ (3)

A

masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid

102
Q

main depression muscle in TMJ

A

lateral pterygoid

103
Q

main protrusion muscles in TMJ (3)

A

masseter
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid

104
Q

main retrusion muscle in TMJ

A

temporalis

105
Q

main lateral deviation muscles in TMJ

A

temporalis (ipsi)
med/lat pterygoid (contra)

106
Q

plagiocephaly

A

one side of the head is flatter than the other

107
Q

brachycephaly

A

posterior head is flat from back lying too much

108
Q

scaphocephaly

A

long/squished head

109
Q

maxillary artery branches into 3 parts

A

infra
buccal
mental

anatomy final crash course (3 decks)

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