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Health and Social Care > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology

1
Q

Plasma

A

Yellow liquid
Makes 55% of the blood
Mostly water + dissolved substances
Proteins and amino acids

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2
Q

Red Blood Cells/Erythrocytes

A

Carries
Oxygen
Some carbon dioxide

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3
Q

White Blood Cells/Leukocytes

A

Consists of many types
Helps destroy bacteria
Neutrophils: Produce antibodies

Lymphocytes: Destroys viruses and cancer cells

Monocytes: Removes dead cells and bacteria

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4
Q

Platelets

A

Triggers blood clotting

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5
Q

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

Prevent or even reverse these harmful deposits

“Good Cholesterol”

Heart protective effect
Slow the buildup plaque in the arterial walls of the heart

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6
Q

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

Deposit fat and cholesterol in the walls of the arteries

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7
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A protein containing iron, found in red blood cells, which carries oxygen

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8
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals produced by your glands that regulate the activities of different body cells

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9
Q

Temperature regulation

A

Heat is generated in all our cells, blood removes this heat and circulates it around the body

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10
Q

Immune response

A

The body’s defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances

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11
Q

Pathogens

A

Organisms that cause disease

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12
Q

Antigens

A

Foreign material that invades the body

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13
Q

Antibodies

A

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents.

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14
Q

Coagulation

A

The process of blood clotting

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15
Q

Doble circulatory system

A

As there are two distinct circuits
The systematic (around the body and pulmonary (to and from the lungs)

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16
Q

Myogenic

A

It can beat automatically without simulation by nerves

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17
Q

Pacemaker

A

A device that delivers electrical impulses to the heart to regulate the heartbeat

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18
Q

Atria

A

The two upper chambers of the heart

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19
Q

Ventricles

A

The two lower chambers of the heart

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20
Q

Triscupic valve

A

Between right atrium and right ventricle, prevents back flow of blood

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21
Q

Bicuspid/Mitral valve

A

Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle

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22
Q

Superior Vena Cava

A

Receives blood from the head, arms and chest.

Empties into the right atrium of the heart.

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23
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

A

Carries blood from lower regions of the body to the right atrium

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24
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Carries deoxygentated blood from the heart to the lungs

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25
Q

Semi-lunar valve

A

A valve in the heart linking the ventricles to the aorta and pulmonary aterey

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26
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Delivers oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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27
Q

Aorta

A

The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body

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28
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the hear muscle

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29
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles

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30
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the heart

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31
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of the heart

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32
Q

SA node (Sinoatrial node)

A

Pacemaker of the heart

Sets the heartbeat rate

Located in the right atrium

Cause atria to contract

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33
Q

AV node (Atrioventricular node)

A

Region of the heart between the right atrium and right ventricle from which electrical impulses spread to the ventricles during a heartbeat

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34
Q

Purkyne fibers

A

Carry current down the middle of the ventricles to the base of the heart

This allows the bottom of the heart to contract first, resulting in an upwards, squeezing action, forcing blood out into arteries

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35
Q

ECG trace

A

A test that monitors the electrical activity of the heart

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36
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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37
Q

Capillaries

A

Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body

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38
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

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39
Q

Hydro static Pressure

A

The pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel

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40
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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41
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

The external pressure that must be applied to stop osmosis

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42
Q

Lymph

A

Watery fluid

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43
Q

Lymphatic System

A

The network of vessels through which lymph drains form the tissues into the blood

44
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

Bean-shaped filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body.

They function as a a cleanser of lymph as well as a site of T and B cell activation

45
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

46
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions

47
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

Instrument to measure blood pressure

48
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

Illness of the heart caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries

49
Q

Endothelium

A

Innermost lining of blood vessels

50
Q

Atheroma

A

Fatty deposit within the wall of an artery

51
Q

Angina

A

A condition of episodes of serve chest pain due to inadequate blood flow

52
Q

Heart attack

A

A condition in which blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing heart cells to die

53
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

The rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles

54
Q

Cardiac arrest

A

Complete stopping of heart activity

55
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny sacs of lung tissues specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

56
Q

Trachea

A

Allows air to pass to and from the lungs

57
Q

Epiglottis

A

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering

58
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box

59
Q

Bronchi

A

Air passages that carry air from the trachea to each lung

60
Q

Bronchioles

A

Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli

61
Q

Mucus

A

A thick, slippery substance produced by the body

62
Q

Pepsin

A

Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach

63
Q

Lacteal

A

A lymph tubule located in the villus that absorbs fatty acids

64
Q

Collagen

A

Fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength

65
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of a joint

66
Q

Kidney nephrons

A

Working units of the kidney

67
Q

Biliburn

A

Orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed

68
Q

Cilia

A

Hair like projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

69
Q

Thorax

A

CHest

70
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Muscles which move the rib cage during breathing

71
Q

Diaphragm

A

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

72
Q

Pleural membranes

A

Serous membranes that enclose the lungs and line the chest wall

73
Q

Pleural fluid

A

Liquid that surrounds the lungs, reduces friction

74
Q

Inspiration

A

Breathing in [inhalation]

75
Q

Expiration

A

Breathing out [exhalation]

76
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

77
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cells

78
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy

79
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Compound used by cells to store and release
energy

80
Q

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

A

Low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP

81
Q

Glycolysis

A

The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid

82
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Uses oxygen

83
Q

Latic acid

A

Waste produced by fermentation that causes muscles to burn and ache [build up cramp]

84
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Respiration that does not require oxygen

85
Q

Fatigue

A

Extreme tiredness, exhaustion

86
Q

Oxygen debt

A

The amount of oxygen required after physical exercise to convert accumulated lactic acid to gluecose

87
Q

Asthma

A

Difficulty breathing

88
Q

Emphysema (COPD)

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, of which emphysema is one of, results in progressive destruction of the air sacs in the lungs and loss of respiratory membrane for oxygen exchange.

The bane of long term smokers.

89
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

A genetic disorders that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems.

90
Q

Buccal cavity

A

Mouth

91
Q

Salivary glands

A

Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion

92
Q

Oesophagus

A

Tube connecting the mouth to the stomach

93
Q

Perostalsis

A

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keeps food moving along in one direction through the digestive system

94
Q

Stomach

A

A muscular and elastic sac that serves mainly to store food, break it up mechanically, and begin chemical digestion of proteins and fat

95
Q

Chyme

A

Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach

96
Q

Small intestine/duodenum

A

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place

97
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile

98
Q

Pancreas

A

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood

99
Q

Bile

A

A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles

100
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores and concentrates bile

101
Q

Bile duct

A

A tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine

102
Q

Pancreatic duct

A

Conducts pancreatic juice from the pancreas to the small intestine

103
Q

Ileum

A

Third part of the small intestine

104
Q

Villi

A

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption

105
Q

Large intestine/Colon

A

Absorbs water and forms feces

106
Q

Rectum

A

A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste materials is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated

107
Q
A

Health and Social Care (2 decks)

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