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sociology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the general definition of family?

A

A family consists of two or more people who are linked by birth marriage, civil partnership, adoption, or cold habilitation based on long-term relationships

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2
Q

What is family diversity?

A

Different types of family structures and functions

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3
Q

Who are dependent family members?

A

People or children, who depend on others within the family, because of their age or disability

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4
Q

What is a nuclear family?

A

A nuclear family consist of a father mother, and their children containing only two generations in the household. They may be married or cohabiting.

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5
Q

What does cohabitation mean?

A

This is one partners live together without getting married

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6
Q

What are same-sex families?

A

These are gay or lesbian couples, who live together with their children in one household, and this may be based on a civil partnership

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7
Q

What is civil partnership?

A

This is when the relationship of partners of the same gender is registered and legally recognized

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8
Q

Why has same-sex families increased in popularity?

A

This is due to a decrease in social stigma (shame, or disgrace attached to something), and laws that have been passed, such as the same sex adoption act of 2002, civil partnership act of 2004, and gay marriage act of 2014. As well as this there’s more secularization meaning people are less religious.

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9
Q

What are extended families?

A

Families that include (distant) relatives
Extended families are either extended vertically or horizontally.
Vertically consist of at least three generations living together under the same house or nearby, which includes the children, parents and grandparents
Horizontally consist of at least two generations, such as the children, parents, and aunts and uncles

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10
Q

What is a modified extended family

A

This is a family that are apart geographically, but remain in contact

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11
Q

What are bean pole families?

A

Bean pole families is when there are many generations, but only a few children in each generation, with a long and thin, vertical family tree

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12
Q

What are loan parent families?

A

Lone parent families are families with one parent, because of divorce, separation, or the desire to be single. These are usually headed by woman.

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13
Q

What is a reconstituted family?

A

This is when two adults with children, or no children of a previous relationship, Mary, or cohabit to form a new family

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14
Q

What is a stepparent?

A

Someone who is the legal parent of their partners child, but not biological parent

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15
Q

What are the alternatives to family?

A

Household
Friends
Looked after children
Residential care

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16
Q

What is a household?

A

One person who lives alone, or a group of people who live together in the same house while sharing it’s facilities

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17
Q

What is a family household?

A

When family members live together

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18
Q

Why has one person household increased?

A

This is because old people are living longer
Woman may live alone after divorce
Younger people may live alone as they are immigrants who want to study abroad , they may want to live alone before getting married, or they want to stay single for the rest of their lives

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19
Q

Why are friends being considered as family?

A

Some sociologist believe that friends are starting to become more important than family
However, others believe that while friends are gaining more important and becoming more like family, they cannot replace family as people are likely to turn to their family first in times of hardship

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20
Q

What is an example of a study that represents friends are becoming more important than family?

A

Sasha RoseNeil and Shelly budgeon (2006), found that among individuals who did not live with a partner friends, would likely to come for that individual and times of hardship and stress rather than their biological kin

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21
Q

What does kin mean?

A

Relatives

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22
Q

What is looked after children?

A

Looked after children is when children are placed in children’s homes, foster cares or secure units

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23
Q

What are secure units?

A

Accommodation for children, who have committed an offense, in order to restrict their liberty or freedom

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24
Q

What is residential care?

A

This is the institution older people, or disabled people, live in such as a nursing home

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25
Q

Why may family and household settings change over time

A

When significant events occur in one’s life that affects their situations and relationships, this can be a major turning point that influence, the change in household and family settings
If a sociologists wants to research this, they will use longitudinal studies

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26
Q

What is divorce?

A

Divorce is the legal termination of marriage

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27
Q

What is an empty nest family?

A

An emptiness family is a mature a couple who live together after their children have left home

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28
Q

What is cultural diversity?

A

In general cultural diversity is the differences between individuals of a society based on culture, religion and ethnicity
For family, these are the differences between families in a society based on culture, religion and ethnicity

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29
Q

Why is there so much Cultural diversity in modern industrial societies?

A

Migration
Working mothers
Multigenerational extended families
Traditional families
Social class

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30
Q

What is migration?

A

Migration is one of the main causes of cultural diversity of families and societies
This is when people move into a country and try to live and work there, and emigration is when one exits a country to settle in another place abroad

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31
Q

What is working mothers

A

Cultural diversity leads to differences in family structures and roles. For example, African Caribbean mothers are expected to work after childbirth. Where is Asian mothers are expected to not work at all.

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32
Q

What is multigenerational extended family

A

With cultural families comes different structures of families which can lead to more extended families specifically in south Asian countries, such as Pakistan and Bangladesh

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33
Q

What is traditional families?

A

It is believed that traditional families are likely to occupy the traditional nuclear family and refrain from loan parenting however according to Quraishi et Al. (2015), this is starting to dwindle and loan parent families are starting to increase

There is another concept for Asian family is that it is male-dominated, however Westwood and bhachu (1998) suggest that these ideas are stereotypical and pre-judge mental, and not the functions of these families may be based on religion or class and not traditions

34
Q

What is social class?

A

Differences in culture amongst families can lead to differences in social class for an example of those of the ethnic minority are likely to form part of lower classes
Working class families are considered to be male-dominated. Where is middle-class families are considered to be more egalitarian. However, critics argue that this may be the opposite.

35
Q

What does egalitarian mean?

A

People are equal

36
Q

What does census mean?

A

This is a survey that is taken every 10 years of the general public

37
Q

What does ropoport and ropoport believe?

A

Both the wife and husband are pioneers of family research and are interested in family diversity. most of their research is based on secondary research rather than primary research that is obtained from analyzing the research and findings of feminist Elizabeth Bott
They argue that in the past the norm was traditional families such as nuclear families however, in the present day, with modern industrial societies there is an increase in family diversity due to freedom of individuals to live the way they want to

38
Q

What are the types of family diversity ropoport and ropoport identified

A

Organizational structure
Cultural diversity
Social class
Life course
Cohort diversity

39
Q

What is organizational structure in family diversity?

A

This refers to the way in which the family is structured based on the division of labor, dual earner families and social networks

40
Q

What is social networks?

A

A network of relatives and friends

41
Q

What does dual worker family mean?

A

When both adult partners work and paid employment

42
Q

What does cultural diversity mean in family diversity?

A

This refers to how different families have different cultural, norms, elites and values which can influence child rearing and gender roles

43
Q

What is social class in family diversity?

A

This refers to how different families have different resources available to them
Middle-class families are considered to have an equal rows between the wife and husband as the husbands job demands more work from him leaving the wife at home in charge of the house
Working class families are considered to be more physical in their forms of discipline for children

44
Q

What is life course diversity in family diversity?

A

This refers to how there is differences in the stages that are reached amongst families

45
Q

What is cohort diversity and family diversity?

A

This refers to how there is differences in a stage is that a family passes through
For an example of the social stigma of divorce has reduced us getting a divorce is a lot easier

46
Q

What is lifestyles?

A

Lifestyles is the way in which people live, referring to their work and leisure patterns

47
Q

What is a life course?

A

Live courses are stages that an individual passes through over their lifetime

48
Q

What has happened since ropoport research?

A

Since their research in 1982, there has been an emergence of more diverse families, such as same-sex families

49
Q

What is a commune?

A

A commune consist of a group of people who live together in an accommodation, and they share the facilities of that accommodation. They ensure that there is a quality in the tasks done by all members of the commune, such as woman, men and children.
Adults are likely to have their own separate rooms and children would all live together

50
Q

What is a Kibbutizm?

A

This was popular in the 1960s and 70s established by Jewish people in Palestine
This is where a group of people would live together in a communal manner, sharing work equally, and often working on land for their food and materials

51
Q

What are the features of a kibbutizm?

A

In the past the children would live together, and be looked after by their kibbutz mothers and meet their biological parents a few hours a day. However, now children live with their biological parents until they’re the age of 15 when they move out into their own teenager homes.

There is an apartment for each family hover meals are eaten in the communal dining hall . Children who were born in the same year were raised an educated together.

52
Q

What is the one child policy?

A

The one child policy was introduced in China in 1979 in order to control their increasing population. This is where bylaw families were not allowed to have more than one child.

53
Q

What were the consequences of having more than one child in China during the one unit policy?

A

This would’ve led to find demotion and dismissal of jobs

54
Q

When and why was the one child policy in china abolished?

A

The one child policy in China was stopped in January 2016 as Chinese authorities realize that their birthright was so low that they did not have enough young people for the future workforce for economic growth and they did not have enough young people to go up and look after their age and relatives. However, birth permits were still required by families if they wanted to have more than one child.

55
Q

What was China’s policy when it came to girls and boys?

A

Families in China prefer to have boys rather than girls as they are likely to take care of their aging family rather than girls who are likely to take care of the males family. Thus girls who are expected were killed or aborted.

56
Q

What do functionalists believe for family?

A

Functionalist believe that the society has functional needs that need to be fulfilled in a positive manner in order to keep the society stable in which a nuclear family is the only family that can provide positive essential functions to keep the society stable. George Murdock believes that the nuclear family is the only family that can provide the functional needs. There’s no other alternative to the nuclear family.

57
Q

What are the four vital functions that are carried out by the nuclear family according to Murdock

A

Sexual, reproductive, economic, socialization

58
Q

What is the sexual function of the nuclear family?

A

This helps regulate and control sexual activity in the society. The woman and her husband’s sexual relationship is approved of by the society as they are married into a traditional nuclear family does controlling sexual activity.

59
Q

What is the reproductive function in a nuclear family?

A

This is when nuclear families will produce new members of the society by reproduction and procreation with their main responsibilities, being child rearing

60
Q

What is the economic function of the nuclear family?

A

This is when the family will provide all economic support that a society requires such as shelter and food
Murdoch argues that there is a sexual division of labor in the family, which means that there is a gender based division of domestic labor in the household

61
Q

What is the educational or socialization function of a nuclear family?

A

This is when the family is the main source of primary socialization for the child that teaches them the culture and the norms of the society and socialization with the help of discipline and teaching. This helps them fit into the surrounding society.

62
Q

What is socialization?

A

Socialization is the way in which people learn the culture, norms and values of a society

63
Q

What does parsons believe in family?

A

He believes that the nuclear family overtime has become lost, and separated from the wider society
With their functions being lost to other structures in the society that can carry out their functions, such as schools that can provide education and secondary socialization

64
Q

What is the warm bath analogy?

A

The warm bath analogy refers to how the nuclear family is still important as being part of a family is like stepping into a warm bath the traditional nuclear family can provide the emotional support refuge and safe haven needed to fulfill, emotional and physical needs

65
Q

What are the two functions that all families perform in all societies according to Parsons?

A

Primary socialization
Stabilization of adult personalities

66
Q

What is primary socialization according to Parsons?

A

This is when the family is the main source of primary socialization for their children, in which their children are taught the cultures and norms of the society in which they will then become members of the society and learn how to socialize and interact with others. This helps maintain stability of the society.

67
Q

What is the stabilization of adult personalities according to Parsons?

A

This refers to how life outside of family life for example, in the workplace is stressful and pressurizing for adults that’s going home to a family can relieve this pressure in leisure, ways or sexual ways that can regulate and control the emotions and personality of adults as family is a safe haven
As well as this adults will be able to identify which of their qualities may be seen as childish if their child replicate the same personality

68
Q

What are the criticisms of persons perspective on family?

A

Parsons only considers the middle class in his perspective, neglecting social class diversity and ethnic family diversity
Parsons only considers the nuclear family as the main family rather than considering other types of families
Parsons considers the nuclear family to be the ideal form of family, giving a very idolized view, which is inaccurate and unrealistic as he has neglected dysfunctional families which may be more common

69
Q

What are agents of socialization?

A

These are social groups or institutions that allow for socialization to be carried out

70
Q

What is a dysfunctional family?

A

A dysfunctional family is a family that cannot provide the basic needs needed such as emotional support

71
Q

What is the Marxist perspective of family?

A

The Marxist, believe that the nuclear family is a disadvantage. This only spreads and helps capitalism grow
This is because the bourgeoisie are in control of the economy. Does they can control other social institutions, such as family, which allowed them to spread their dominant ideology to keep the proletariat in a state of false consciousness. This makes the working class people except their lower status in a capitalist society through socialization.

72
Q

What is the main perspective of Eli zaretsky

A

He believes that before the industrial revolution families work together on farms and we’re a unit of production after the industrial revolution and rise of capitalism. There has been a split between family life and work life in the family and now it can be seen as two separate spheres.

73
Q

How does EZ believe that family serves capitalism

A

With this division between family, life and work life, women are likely to take care of the household and take care of the emotional well-being of the family, which can rather cushion the harsh conditions that are faced by the husbands at work rather than meeting the emotional needs. As well as this, the woman performs domestic unpaid labor, which is used by the husband and is devalued as It is not seen included in the public sphere, where a profit is made
Through the family, each social class is reproduced or inherited
The family also will need to purchase certain needs and goods to consume, which give more money and profits to the bourgeoisie which continues the idea of capitalism. The family becomes the unit of consumption instead.

74
Q

What are the criticisms of EZ perspective

A

Many people see the family as satisfying, and would prefer to be married, and have children
Feminist, argue that the Marxist see family only as a nuclear family however, family is more diverse nowadays with more woman working
Feminist, believe that female oppression is not because of capitalism but it’s because of patriarchy

75
Q

What does separate spheres mean?

A

This refers to the split or division between public work, life and private home life

76
Q

what is a symmetrical family?

A

This is a concept, created by young and wilmott (1973). A symmetrical family is where both partners, the husband and the wife carry out their own different tasks. However, they make a shared contribution to the household.

77
Q

what are the features of a symmetrical family?

A

The roles of the wife and husband are less segregated, bringing more equality between the wife and the husband. while the wife still carries out household work, men spend an equal amount of time in the household as well, making a similar contribution to the home
Such families are more home centered as well. Spending more leisure time in the home, and this is also due to the rise and technology with most entertainment and media being available at home.
Similar contributions comes to more equal decision-making when it comes to area area, such as finance

78
Q

what is stratified diffusion?

A

Stratified diffusion refers to the idea that social changes in the family, such as attitudes start at the top of the social class system working its way downwards
This means that changes in family is more seen in higher social classes than lower classes

79
Q

why has there been a move to symmetry in the family?

A

The rise of feminism since the 1960s have led to more women working and paid employment, which means they are interested in education rather than becoming a housewife
This also leads to the woman being financially, independent, thus leading to more equality and status in the family life in public life
As well, there is more availability of contraception, which regulates when and how many children the wife has
Peoples interest in homes has also increased due to more entertainment and leisure time being spent there

80
Q

what are the criticisms of the symmetrical family? (ann oakley)

A

And Oakley disagrees with young and wilmotts ideology as she believes their research is in accurate. They believe that the husband carrying out a domestic task once a week is seen as helpful when in reality it is the bare minimum. As well as this an Oakley has found in her research that woman who are in employment are still carrying out domestic labor and tasks.

81
Q

what are the criticisms of the symmetrical family? (scott and clery)

A

They argue that well peoples attitudes have changed overtime woman are still performing domestic labor while whilst working in employment, which leads to dual earner families where the woman is performing professional work as well as unpaid domestic labor
They argue that if equality cannot be reached in the family, it is difficult to gain equality in the workplace as family family factors have a direct influence on the employment of women

sociology (5 decks)

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