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bio 210 final > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the immune response?

A

The bodies way of recognizing and fighting foreign substances

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2
Q

what is a fever

A

A fever is an elevated body temperature, often a response to infection or inflammation,

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3
Q

What is LD50

A

amount of substance required to cause death of 50% of population

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4
Q

What is ID50, what does it mean? If I ingest a food that has the ID50 for a GI pathogen, will I always get sick (ID50 does take into account the immune system)?

A

the required quantity of a pathogen to infect 50% of the population. No you will not always get sick

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5
Q

what is an acute disease?

A

A rapidly developing, severe illness, that has a short time in the body

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6
Q

what is chronic disease

A

one that lasts long and needs treatment over time

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7
Q

what is a latent disease

A

a disease that is in the body that does not immediately bring forth symptoms

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8
Q

primary vs opportunistic

A

Primary comes from a specific pathogen and still can affect someone with a healthy immune system. Opportunistic takes advantage of a immunocompromised person

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9
Q

Pathogenicity and virulence relationship

A

pathogenicity is the ability to cause a disease and virulence is how pathogenetic something is

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10
Q

what is virulence factor

A

how strong a pathogen is and its ability to cause sickness

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11
Q

Briefly describe the steps to infection- PAII

A

Portals of entry- pathogens enter host through entry points
Adhesion- Pathogens stick to host cells
Invasion- Pathogens penetrate and spread within host tissue and evade immune system
Infection- Pathogens establish and multiply causing disease

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12
Q

What is a pathogens role in disease,

A

enter through portal of entry, use adhesion, invade, and infect

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13
Q

Are the portals of entry the same for all pathogens?

A

can enter through mucous membranes, skin, respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts, depending on the type of pathogen and the host.

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14
Q

Is the placental barrier considered an impermeable barrier?

A

No, this depends on the pathogen

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15
Q

what are the periods of disease? think IPIDc

A

Incubation-entry of pathogen and multiplying (no symptoms)
Prodromal period- Pathogen multiplies general signs and symptoms
Illness- symptoms obvious and severe
Decline-symptoms lessen
Convalescence- return to normal function

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16
Q

Which periods have the highest pathogen load? Which have the least? Which have the most severe signs/ symptoms?

A

high- illness
low-convalescence
everything else is medium

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17
Q

Communicable vs non

A

can be spread from person to person while the latter cannot. example of communicable is indirect or direct contact, non is cancer

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18
Q

What are the leading causes of death worldwide? Are they the same for all countries? Has the leading cause of death changed recently, even for a short time?

A

The leading has been heart disease and cancer. Diarrheal disease has been a part of the top 3 in low income countries. Covid emerged as a leading cause for a period.

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19
Q

Adaptive immune system?

A

primary response- first time encountering a pathogen and includes the activation of B cells and T cells. These B cells will turn into memory cells
Secondary response- second time encounter will use B cells memory to remember pathogen and how to execute immune response

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20
Q

Innate immune response

A

first line which is quick and doesn’t require prior encounter to pathogens

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21
Q

What are the key characteristics of the Innate system? Physical, mechanical, chemical, cellular defense, messengers, complement, etc.

A

physical- skin barriers and mucous membranes
mechanical-coughing/sneezing
chemical-acidic environment
cellular defenders- neutrophiles, macrophages
messengers-cytokines which signal immune responses
complement- proteins that team up to fight infections

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22
Q

What are the physical and chemical barriers? How do they generally work? Why are these considered innate? Where are these located?

A

Physical- skin(covers body)
mucous (line inner body)
Chemical-acidic (in stomach)
enzymes and antimicrobial(break down pathogens)

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23
Q

What cells involved in innate immune response, any impacted by adaptive immune system think of ma,ne,de,nk, ma, ba&eo

A

1.Phagocytes
macrophages- present antigens to activate adaptive system
neutrophils-rapid responders that ingest and destroy pathogens
dendritic cells- Capture and present antigens to activate adaptive immune responses.
2.NK cells- natural killers of infected cells
3. Mast cells-found in tissues, Release chemicals that initiate the inflammatory response and play a role in defense against parasites.
4.Basophils-involved with inflammation and releasing histamines for allergies
5.Eosinophiles- help with allergies but also fight parasites

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24
Q

What are the key characteristics of the Adaptive system?

A

T Cells-assist in immune response and also t cytotoxic cells that kill damaged cells
B cells-produce antibodies and work as memory

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25
Q

where is B cells maturing/ T cells. What are the differences between the B and T cells?

A

B Cells(Bone marrow): Produce antibodies to fight infections.
T Cells(Thymus): Directly attack infected cells and help coordinate immune responses.

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26
Q

What are the functions of the different types of T cells?

A

Helpers(th)-
Th1-boost other cells
Th2-Help B cells make antibodies
Cytotoxic Cells- kill infected cells
Memory T cells- remember past infections for a faster response
regulatory T cells(TReg)-control and balance the immune system

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27
Q

What is an antibody? How do they help fight infections?

A

Produced by B cells to fight pathogens.

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28
Q

Process of an infection and the response Intracellular vs extracellular

A

Infection-Pathogens enter through portals of entry, may be intracellular or extracellular
Response-
Intracellular- cytotoxic t cells activated, Helper t cells help with immune response
Extracellular-B cells produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens.

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29
Q

Which cells of the immune system specialize in monitoring and destroying your own cells?

A

T Cytotoxic cells monitor and destroy infected cells. Can induce apoptosis which is planned cell death

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30
Q

How do vaccinations work? What branch of the immune system do they work on? What are some of the ingredients used?

A

Vaccinations work by exposing the immune system to a harmless part of a pathogen. Adaptive immune system is the branch .inactivated pathogens, proteins from the pathogen, or genetic material

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31
Q

What is an autoimmune disorder? How does the immune system cause allergic reactions?

A

An autoimmune disorder occurs when the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the body’s own cells and tissues. Allergic reactions are triggered when the immune system overreacts to substances (allergens) that are usually harmless. The immune system recognizes these allergens as threats and releases chemicals, such as histamine

32
Q

What happens when your immune system is too aggressive? What happens if it is too passive?

A

if too aggressive it can cause autoimmune disease and results in damage to tissues and allergies. If too passive it struggles to fight infections or identify cancer cells. As a result higher susceptibility.

33
Q

iatrogenic

A

from a medical procedure

34
Q

nosocomial

A

acquired in a hospital

35
Q

Noninfectious disease

A

not caused by pathogen

36
Q

Congenital

A

present at or before birth(down syndrome)

37
Q

Endocrine

A

Disease with malfunction of glands(Hypothyroidism)

38
Q

Nutritional deficiency

A

Lack of nutrients(Scurvy)

39
Q

Neoplastic

A

abnormal growth(some forms of cancer)

40
Q

Idiopathic

A

disease where cause is unknown

41
Q

Disease

A

impairment of the normal state of living

42
Q

Syndrome

A

group of symptoms that together are characteristic of a specific disease or disorder

43
Q

cyto
hepat
pathy
emia
itis
lysis
oma
osis
derma

A

cell
of the liver
disease
of the blood
inflammation
destruction
tumor
Abnormal state
skin

44
Q

Bacteria for adhesion

A

Fimbriae-short hair like to help adhesion
Flagella-whip like help movement
Glycocalyx-protective layer protecting against immune response

45
Q

Protozoans for adhesion

A

Cilia- short hair like structures that help clear out mucus
Hooks/ barbs- use hooks to attach as a means of protection against other potentially harmful cells

46
Q

Viruses for adhesion

A

Capsids-protein coat for protection
envelopes- let virus in and out of cell
Spike proteins-adhesion of virus to cells

47
Q

What is a biological and mechanical vector

A

Biological vector-transports pathogen and is a part of the pathogens growth
Mechanical vector- only transports a pathogen

48
Q

compare/ contrast local, focal, systemic infection

A

Local is in a small part, focal has spread to another location and systemic is throughout the whole body.

49
Q

extoxins vs endotoxins

A

y exotoxins harm tissues outside of bacterial cells while endotoxins trigger immune responses and with too much endotoxin it can be harmful similar to exotoxins

50
Q

Botulinium

A

causes the muscles to relax and that is deadly can lead to aphyxiation

51
Q

tetanus toxin

A

leads to muscle contraction

52
Q

break down epidemiology meaning \ epi, demos, logos

A

up on
people
study
Means the study of human population

53
Q

Endemic

A

normal occurrence of a condition in a certain geographic

54
Q

Epidemic

A

greater than normal occurrence of condition starting to spread

55
Q

Pandemic

A

epidemic on multiple continents

56
Q

incidence

A

risk of developing condition

57
Q

Common Source Spread

A

single source for all individuals infected

58
Q

Continuous Common Source Spread

A

longer duration (contaminated water)

59
Q

Intermittent Common Source Spread

A

exposure to a contaminent during different periods of time

60
Q

Point Source Spread

A

people run into a contaminant on the same day making it a short period for the source

61
Q

Propagated Spread/ transmission

A

direct or indirect contact with a surface or person who is sick

62
Q

Plasma is the fluid component of your whole blood. It contains:

A

Electrolytes
Sugars
Lipids
Proteins

63
Q

interferons

A

signal to other cells there is trouble

64
Q

autocrine, paracrine, endocrine- differentiation

A

so basically these have to do with cells communicating for survival so autocrine tells itself what needs to be done, paracrine tells near cells what needs to be done and endocrine tells the body what needs to be done

65
Q

Plasma Protein Mediators (PPM)

A

can directly combat pathogens!

66
Q

White blood cells collectively are called

A

Leukocytes

67
Q

Neutrophils

A

part of innate immune system and eat things as the first line of defense. have a short lifespan of minutes-days

68
Q

Eosinophils

A

Eosinophils are phagocytic cells within the innate immune system. They specialize in fighting parasitic worms and protozoans. Additionally, eosinophils play a role in allergic reactions.”

69
Q

Basophils

A

“Basophils release chemicals, including histamine, as part of the immune response, contributing to inflammation and allergic reactions.”

70
Q

where are macrophages and dendritic cells found and what makes them important

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells are found in lymphoid tissue and organs. They are crucial phagocytic cells that play a key role in bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems

71
Q

what are the agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes
lymphocytes

72
Q

what is a lymphocyte

A

“Lymphocytes are a vital type of white blood cell essential for the adaptive immune system, icluding T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.”

73
Q

what is a monocyte

A

A monocyte is a white blood cell that transforms into a macrophage, helping the immune system by engulfing and eliminating pathogens.

74
Q

what are the granulocytes

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

75
Q

Antigen

A

An antigen is a molecule that can trigger an immune response, typically by being recognized as foreign or non-self by the body. they can have recognition subunits called epitopes

76
Q

What is thymic selection

A

T cells undergo tests: first, their ability to be activated is checked, then their capability to recognize MHC molecules, and finally, they must not negatively react to self-antigens to ensure a properly functioning immune system.

77
Q
A

bio 210 final (1 decks)

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