Unit 4

Question 1

Definition of Miscible

Answer 1

When one liquid dissolves completely in another liquid

Question 2

Immiscible

Answer 2

Liquids that can;t dissolve

Question 3

Solute

Answer 3

A Solute is a substance that is dissolved in another liquid

Question 4

Solvent

Answer 4

Where the dissolving occurs

Question 5

Solution

Answer 5

A type of mixture for two or more substances that dissolves

Question 6

Unsaturated

Answer 6

When a substance has not reached its max amount of solute being dissolved

Question 7

Saturated

Answer 7

When a substance has reached it’s max amount of solute being dissolved

Question 8

Super Saturated

Answer 8

When a Substance was exceeded its maximum solute being dissolved

Question 9

PH

Answer 9

A measure about how basic or acidic a substance is.

Question 10

Amalgam

Answer 10

Amalgam is an alloy of mercury with one or more metals.

Question 11

Electrolyte

Answer 11

An electrolyte is a substance that dissociates in water into charged particles called ions

Question 12

What are the 2 different units for reporting molar concentration?

Answer 12

M or mol/L

Question 13

What is crystallization and what are 2 ways that it can occur?

Answer 13

A crystallization is when molecules, ions or atoms are formed to make a solid

Question 14

What makes an acid an acid and a base a base?

Answer 14

Acid: An acid is a substance that can donate a proton (H⁺ ion) to another substance. In water, acids increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺).
Base:A base is a substance that can accept a proton or, in other words, donate a hydroxide ion (OH⁻) in water.

Question 15

What are 5 characteristics of acids (do not include indicators)?

Answer 15

Acids are substances that typically taste sour, turn blue litmus paper red, release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in aqueous solutions, react with metals to produce hydrogen gas, and have pH values below 7.

Question 16

What are 5 characteristics of bases (do not include indicators)?

Answer 16

Bases are substances that typically taste bitter, feel slippery or soapy, turn red litmus paper blue, release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in aqueous solutions, and have pH values above 7.

Question 17

What are 4 indicators and what does each do in acid, base and neutral solution?

Answer 17

Litmus Paper:

Acidic Solution: Turns red.
Basic Solution: Turns blue.
Neutral Solution: Does not change significantly.
Phenolphthalein:

Acidic Solution: Colorless.
Basic Solution: Turns pink or magenta.
Neutral Solution: Colorless.
Bromothymol Blue:

Acidic Solution: Yellow.
Basic Solution: Turns blue or green.
Neutral Solution: Green.
Methyl Orange:

Acidic Solution: Turns red.
Basic Solution: Turns yellow.
Neutral Solution: Orange.

Question 18

What is a titration experiment and why is it important?

Answer 18

A titration experiment is a chemical technique used to measure the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration, and it is important because it helps determine the precise amount of one substance in another, aiding in accurate quantitative analysis in chemistry.

Question 19

Explain how water contamination and water purification processes occur.

Answer 19

Water contamination happens when harmful substances like pollutants or pathogens enter water sources, and water purification processes involve removing or neutralizing these contaminants to make water safe for consumption.

Question 20

Find two examples in the story of moments where timing was so important
that it determined the outcome of the events. Explain the connection.

Answer 20

Timely Reporting:

Connection: If the contamination had been reported promptly after the initial signs, the authorities could have taken swift action to prevent widespread waterborne illness. Unfortunately, delays in reporting allowed the contaminated water to continue flowing, contributing to the severity of the outbreak.
Chlorination Delay:

Connection: The delay in implementing chlorination to disinfect the water supply allowed harmful bacteria to persist, causing illness. If chlorination had been initiated promptly after the contamination was discovered, it could have prevented or mitigated the health crisis. Timing here was critical for effective water treatment.

Question 21

From what you know at this point, how do you think the deaths of the six
people in Walkerton might have been prevented?

Answer 21

The Walkerton water tragedy was caused by the contamination of the town’s water supply with harmful bacteria (E. coli and Campylobacter). To prevent the deaths, it might have been crucial to have regular and thorough testing of the water quality, prompt response to contamination reports, proper disinfection measures, and effective communication to ensure the community was aware of potential risks and precautions.

Question 22

How did the water become polluted with E.coli in the first place? Why wasn’t
the water cleaned or purified at the public utilities commission?

Answer 22

In the Walkerton water tragedy, E. coli contaminated the water supply due to manure runoff from a nearby farm entering a well, contaminating the groundwater; the water treatment process at the public utilities commission failed to adequately disinfect the water, allowing the harmful bacteria to reach consumers. The breakdown in water treatment and testing procedures, along with insufficient safety measures, contributed to the tragic contamination event.

Question 23

Time, timing, chance, and circumstances affect all our lives on a daily basis.
Suggest how each of these played a role in the Walkerton tragedy. How do
they play a role in your own life? While answering these questions, explain
carefully the difference between these four words.

Answer 23

In the Walkerton water tragedy, time played a role because the contamination of the water occurred over a period during which harmful bacteria entered the water supply. Timing was crucial, as the failure to promptly address the contamination worsened the impact on public health. Chance was a factor because the specific circumstances and events that led to the contamination were unplanned and unexpected.

In our own lives, time influences events over periods, timing is critical for decision-making, chance introduces unexpected elements, and circumstances represent the conditions and context in which events unfold. Time is the duration or sequence of events, timing is the strategic moment, chance is the unpredictability, and circumstances are the surrounding conditions. Understanding these factors helps navigate life’s challenges and opportunities.

Question 24

There are many descriptive and metaphoric expressions in English that use
the word and concept of time: “Time heals all wounds,” “Time will tell,” and
“working against time” are some examples. How might each of these be
applied to this news story? Can you think of others?

Answer 24

Time heals all wounds”: This expression might apply to the community’s recovery over time, as the affected people and the town gradually healed from the physical and emotional impact of the tragedy.

“Time will tell”: In the context of Walkerton, this phrase could be used to express the idea that as time passes, the full extent of the consequences, lessons learned, and changes implemented in water management would become clearer.

“Working against time”: During the crisis and its aftermath, authorities and communities were likely working urgently and efficiently to address the immediate issues and prevent further harm. This phrase reflects the idea of a race against time to minimize the impact.

Other expressions might include “time for reflection” as the community reflected on what happened, “time for reform” as changes were made in water safety protocols, and “time as a factor” emphasizing the importance of timely responses in emergencies.