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APES > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

lithosphere

A

uppermost layer of the earth, contains continental and oceanic crust and the uppermost mantle
* rigid

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2
Q

asthenosphere

A

upper part of the mantle that is below lithosphere
* weak

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3
Q

tectonic plates

A

lithosphere is broken into pieces
* most made of 7 major plates
* smaller plates also exist

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4
Q

divergent motion

A

plates moving away from each other

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5
Q

convergent motion

A

plates moving directly towards each other

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6
Q

transform motion

A

plates rubbing against each other horizontally
- plates w these boundaries usually are in oceans and fracture zones

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7
Q

rate of crust creation and destruction?

A

the rate is the same

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8
Q

convergent plate boundaries

A

= destruction
* where subduction zones are

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9
Q

types of convergent plate boundaries and info

A
  • more dense crust subducts
  • melting of the rock in the earth happens because of the water from the ocean
  • boundaries are
    — ocean-ocean
    — ocean-continental
    — continental-continental
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10
Q

ocean-continental boundary

A

can result in
* thickening of crust
* continental volcano arcs
* eruptions
* mountains

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11
Q

ocean-ocean boundary

A

creates island volano arcs
- usually in deep ocean trench

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12
Q

continental-continental boundary

A
  • mountain building
  • folds and deforms the rock
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13
Q

divergent plate boundaries (ocean? land?)

A

for the ocean:
constructive = new ocean floor
* also called spreading centers
* creates ridges

for continental::
* can cause landmass to split

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14
Q

which ocean has larger ridge growth?

A

pacific ridges grow/spread faster than atlantic

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15
Q

convection

A

the process of conveying movement in a gas or liquid in which the warmer parts move up and the cooler parts move down in a cycle (think boiling water)

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16
Q

what drives plate movement?

A

convection

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17
Q

how are volcanoes created?

A

Magma rises from the hot spots and erupts as lava through cracks in the Earth’s surface forming volcanoes.

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18
Q

abiotic physical weathering

A

1 - water
2 - wind
3 - temperature variations

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19
Q

biotic physical weathering

A

1 - roots of plants
2 - burrowing animals

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20
Q

chemical weathering and its benefits?

A

def: changes in chemical makeup (oxidation, carbonation)

benefits:
- releases important nutrients
- part of phosphorus cycle

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21
Q

anthropogenic chemical weathering

A

combustion of fossil fuels leads to acid rain which:
- acidifies trees and soil
- hurts health
- decays limestone and marble

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22
Q

what kind of soil has more organic material and nutrients?

A

mature soil

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23
Q

old soil may be _____ _____

A

nutrient poor

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24
Q

order of soil horizons

A

OAEBCR

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25
Q

O Horizon

A

Organic:
- decomposed material
- found most in rainforests
- lowest part is called humus

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26
Q

A Horizon

A

Topsoil:
- organic mixed with minerals
- MOST biological activity

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27
Q

E Horizon

A

Eluviated:
- acidic soil
- metals and nutrients are leached from above

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28
Q

B Horizon

A

Subsoil:
- mineral material where they have accumulated

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29
Q

C Horizon

A
  • least weathered and closest to parent material
30
Q

Forest soil

A
  • thick o layer
  • e layer
31
Q

RAINforest soil

A
  • thin O layer
  • thin A layer
32
Q

Desert soil

A
  • no O layer
  • thin A layer
  • thick B layer
33
Q

Grassland soil

A

thick A layer

34
Q

Soil services

A
  • plants growth
  • nutrient cycling
  • habitat
  • water storage
35
Q

properties of soil decided by

A
  • parent material
  • climate: (too cold = undecomposed material) (humid tropics = weathering, leaching, decomposing)
  • topography
  • organisms
36
Q

anthropogenic soil degredation

A

topsoil is plowed and removed … increases erosion

37
Q

compaction of soil causes

A
  • drying (water cant circulate)
  • waterlogging (water stays in top layer so oxygen can’t circulate)
  • resistance to root development
38
Q

less vegetation means what for erosion?

A

more erosion (which causes less vegetation, etc.. loop)

39
Q

soil particles from biggest to smallest

A

sand -> silt -> clay

40
Q

permeability highest to lowest

A

sand -> silt -> clay
permeability is ability for soil to let water pass through it

41
Q

porosity

A

% space left in the soil sample
(think different gym balls in a cart)

42
Q

best soil type for plants? why?

A

loam because it has good water holding capacity and and good drainage (balanced porosity and permeability)

43
Q

Earth’s spheres of life support

A
  • atmosphere
  • hydrosphere
  • biosphere
  • geosphere
44
Q

Atmospheric pressure is caused by

A

weight of the air

45
Q

as altitude increases

A

pressure and density decrease

46
Q

atmosphere is made up of:

A

80% Nitrogen and 20% Oxygen
(other minor gases)

47
Q

what layer of the atmosphere has the most life forms? where does the most weather occur?

A

trophosphere

48
Q

where is the ozone layer located?

A

stratosphere

49
Q

where do meteors burn up?

A

mesosphere

50
Q

where do satellites orbit?

A

thermosphere

51
Q

order of the atmosphere layers

A

trophosphere - stratosphere - mesosphere - thermosphere - exosphere

52
Q

how are atmosphere layers arranged?

A

temperature

53
Q

how to find temperature changes in atmosphere?

A

put 3 fingers up, start trophosphere on tip of pointer finger, trace to find other temps

trophosphere - decreases (because air becomes thinner)
stratosphere - increases (because ozone layer traps heat)
mesosphere - decreases (becomes thinner)
thermosphere - increases (high radiation, but feels cold because sparse air molecules)

54
Q

properties that determine air circulation

A
  1. air density
  2. water vapor capacity (warm air has higher capacity)
  3. Adiabatic heating/cooling of air (rising = expansion and cooling) (sinking = compaction and heating)
  4. latent heat release (energy released when substance changes forms, in this case when condensation happens)
55
Q

order of cells from equator to pole

A

hadley > ferrel > polar

56
Q

which winds are closer to the equator? which are closer to the poles?

A

trade winds are closer to the equator
westerlies are closer to the poles

57
Q

coriolis effect

A

curving an objects path because of the earth’s rotation
goes RIGHT in the NORTH
goes LEFT in the SOUTH

58
Q

oceanic gyres

A

circular current systems created by the rotation and wind patterns

59
Q

characteristics of a watershed

A
  1. area (drainage basin)
  2. length (principle flowpath)
  3. slope (momentum of runoff)
  4. soil
  5. vegetation (has a riparian zone which is transition between water and land and buffers the water from runoff of pollutants)
  6. divides (separates watersheds)
60
Q

rotation

A

one day / 24 hrs

61
Q

revolution

A

1 year

62
Q

tilt of axis

A

23.5 degrees

63
Q

what causes seasons?

A

tilt of the earth’s axis, rays hit more directly

64
Q

what is the set of short-term atmospheric conditions—typically those occurring over hours or days—for a particular area?

A

weather

65
Q

what is an area’s general pattern of atmospheric or weather conditions measured over long periods of time ranging from decades to thousands of years?

A

climate

66
Q

order of climates from equator to poles

A

tropical > subtropical > temperate > sub polar > polar

67
Q

what decides climates?

A
  • air circulation
  • ocean currents
  • tilt of the earth
  • mountain ranges
  • proximity to water
68
Q

upwelling

A

upward movement of water that brings up nutrients and cool water, often along west coast

69
Q

El Niño

A
  • trade winds weaken or change direction
  • upwellings weaken
  • warm water moves east in the pacific
  • decrease in nutrients
  • alter weather (hot hot)
70
Q

La Niña

A

(think girl power)
- trade winds strengthen
- upwellings strengthen
- warm water moves west in the pacific

  • alter weather (ice ice bb) + more hurricanes

likes to make things worse in the winter: cold places get even colder and warm places get even warmer

71
Q

where is humus located?

A

the o horizon

APES (4 decks)

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