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AP Statistics > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

the entire group of individuals we
want information about.

A

population

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2
Q

This collects data from every individual in the population.

A

census

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3
Q

a subset of individuals in the population from which we
actually collect data.

A

sample

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4
Q

a study that collects data from a sample that is chosen
to represent a specific population.

A

sample survey

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5
Q

The design of a statistical study shows
bias if

A

it is very likely to under or over estimate the value you want to know.

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6
Q

convenience sampling is a bad way to sample because

A

it will almost always result in bias.

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7
Q

this is a method of sampling whereby you are Choosing individuals from the
population who are easy to reach

A

convenience sampling

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8
Q

this allows people to choose to be
in the sample by responding to a general invitation.

A

voluntary response sampling

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9
Q

why is voluntary response sampling a bad way to sample?

A

People who
self-select to participate in such surveys are usually not
representative of some larger population of interest.

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10
Q

involves using a chance
process to determine which members of a
population are included in the sample.

A

Random sampling

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11
Q

A —- of size ‘n’ is
chosen in such a way that every group of ‘n’
individuals in the population has an equal
chance to be selected as the sample.

A

simple random sample (SRS)

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12
Q

When choosing an SRS:

A

Label, Randomise, Select.

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13
Q

— are groups of individuals in a population who share characteristics
thought to be associated with the variables being measured in a study.

A

Strata

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14
Q

—- selects a sample by choosing an SRS from each stratum and combining the SRSs into one overall sample.

A

Stratified random sample

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15
Q

Stratified random sampling works best when the individuals within each
stratum are

A

similar.

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16
Q

When populations are large and spread out over a wide area, we’d prefer
a method called

A

cluster sampling.

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17
Q

A —- is a group of individuals in the population that are located near
each other.

A

cluster

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18
Q

Cluster sampling works best when

A

the clusters look just like the population but on a smaller scale.

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19
Q

The main reason for using cluster sampling is

A

for practical reasons, like saving time and money.

20
Q

Undercoverage occurs when

A

members of the population are less
likely to be chosen or cannot be chosen in a sample.

21
Q

Nonresponse occurs when

A

an individual chosen for the sample can’t be contacted or refuses to participate.

22
Q

Response bias occurs when

A

there is a systematic pattern of inaccurate answers to a survey question.

23
Q

observes individuals and measures
variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses.

A

Observational study

24
Q

measures an outcome of a study.

A

response variable

25
Q

may help explain or predict changes in a response variable

A

explanatory variable

26
Q

Confounding occurs when

A

two variables are associated in
such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be
distinguished from each other.

27
Q

An — deliberately
imposes some treatment on
individuals to measure their
responses.

A

experiment

28
Q

What is the MAIN difference between an experiment and an observational study?

A

An experiment administers treatment while an observational study does not.

29
Q

a treatment that
has no active ingredient, but is
otherwise like other treatments.

A

Placebo

30
Q

A specific condition applied to the individuals
in an experiment is called a

A

treatment

31
Q

the object to
which a treatment is randomly assigned.

A

experimental unit

32
Q

If an experimental unit is a human, it is often called a

A

subject

33
Q

a variable that is
manipulated and may cause a change in the
response variable.

A

factor

34
Q

The different values of a factor are called

A

levels

35
Q

a — is used to provide a
baseline for comparing the effects of other treatments.

A

control group

36
Q

The — describes the fact that some
subjects in an experiment will respond favorably
to any treatment, even an inactive treatment.

A

placebo effect

37
Q

In a —— experiment, neither the
subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject received.

A

double blind

38
Q

In a —- experiment, either the subjects don’t know which treatment they are receiving or the people who interact with them and measure the response variable don’t know which subjects are receiving which treatment.

A

single blind

39
Q

To create roughly equivalent
groups at the beginning of an
experiment, we use

A

random assignment

40
Q

In an experiment, control means

A

keeping other variables constant for all experimental units.

41
Q

In an experiment, replication means

A

using enough experimental units to
distinguish a difference in the effects
of the treatments

42
Q

What are the four principles of Experimental design?

A

Comparison, Random assignment, Control, Replication

43
Q

In a completely randomized design, the experimental units
are assigned to the treatments completely

A

by chance.

44
Q

a group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is
expected to affect the response to the treatments.

A

block

45
Q

the random assignment of
experimental units to treatments is carried out separately
within each block.

A

randomized block design

46
Q

a common experimental design for comparing two treatments that uses blocks of size 2. In some designs, two very
similar experimental units are paired and the two treatments are randomly assigned within each pair. In others, each experimental unit receives both
treatments in a random order.

A

matched pairs

AP Statistics (2 decks)

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