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APES > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Plate Boundaries

A

vary globally

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2
Q

Plate Boundaries

A

move in all directions due to convection

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3
Q

Plate Boundaries

A

can determine geological features at boundary

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4
Q

Plate Boundaries

A

are located on TOP of the asthenosphere

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5
Q

Continental Plates

A

are less dense so they float higher than oceanic plates

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6
Q

Continental Plates

A

can create volcanoes, island arcs, earthquakes, hot spots, and faults

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7
Q

Lithosphere

A

Crust

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8
Q

Lithosphere

A

is the upper layer of the earth

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9
Q

Lithosphere

A

the denser, lower portion pushes higher plates up with convection

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10
Q

Convergent

A

plates are pushed towards each other

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11
Q

Convergent

A

one plate falls below the other and melts to form volcanoes and release magma

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12
Q

Subduction

A

when one plate falls below the other

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13
Q

Convergent

A

may cause earthquakes depending on movement of the plates

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14
Q

Divergent

A

plates push away from each other

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15
Q

Divergent

A

mantle pushes up to form volcanoes, mountains, and/or ridges

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16
Q

Divergent

A

can cause sea floor spreading if in the ocean

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17
Q

Divergent

A

less likely to cause earthquakes

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18
Q

Transform/ Strike- Slip

A

plates slide past each other and cause friction

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19
Q

Transform/ Strike- Slip

A

no ridges/ volcanoes form

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20
Q

Transform/ Strike- Slip

A

more likely to cause shallow and frequent earthquakes

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21
Q

Pacific Plate/ Ring of Fire

A

takes up whole Pacific Ocean basin

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22
Q

Pacific Plate/ Ring of Fire

A

has different types of plate boundaries

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23
Q

Volcanoes

A

can be in the middle of the ocean and are called hotspots/ island arcs

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24
Q

Volcanoes

A

can be in subduction zones

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25
Q

Island Arcs

A

caused by plates moving and causing punctures that spew magma

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26
Q

Earthquakes

A

found at plate boundaries and transform fault lines

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27
Q

Fault Lines

A

build up stress/ energy and release it to flow through the crust

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28
Q

Hotspot

A

from magma seeping through

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29
Q

Hotspot

A

not necessarily at a fault lines

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30
Q

Fault Line

A

at transform boundaries

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31
Q

Fault Line

A

can cause earthquakes and tsunamis

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32
Q

Volcanic Island Chains

A

Found in Japan, Indonesia, and Hawaii

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33
Q

Tsunamis

A

Underground earthquakes caused by underwater landslides

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34
Q

Tsunamis

A

One plate moves up after a break in the fault and displaces water

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35
Q

Tsunamis

A

waves get bigger at shore as energy moves through

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36
Q

Tsunamis

A

can destroy habitats, drown species, uproot trees, and contaminate water with saltwater and debris

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37
Q

Diapir

A

Large volume of material rising through the mantle

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38
Q

Mantle Plume

A

form of diapir with a tail

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39
Q

Mantle Plume origin

A

lower mantle/ mesosphere

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40
Q

Mantle Plume movement

A

upper mantle/ asthenosphere

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41
Q

Mantle Plume breakout

A

crust on top of lithosphere

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42
Q

Mantle Plume breakout effect

A

rocks in area of lower pressure melt –> volcanoes form

43
Q

Basaltic and Mafic Magma

A

mantle plumes feed this into volcanoes/ hotspots

44
Q

Thinner oceanic/ lithospheric plates

A

have MORE HOTSPOTS/ MANTLE PLUMES than continental plates

45
Q

Intraplate Volcanoes

A

Middle/ Inside either oceanic or continental plate

46
Q

Intraplate Volcanoes

A

Magma from stationary mantle plume from CMB

47
Q

Intraplate Volcanoes

A

certain location that is fixed

48
Q

Plate Boundary Volcanoes

A

Convergent plate boundaries

49
Q

Plate Boundary Volcano

A

ocean to ocean, ocean to continental

50
Q

Plate Boundary Volcano

A

long chain that moves with the plate

51
Q

Atmosphere

A

first and lightest shell

52
Q

Atmosphere #1

A

Thermosphere

53
Q

Atmosphere #2

A

Mesosphere

54
Q

Atmosphere #3

A

Stratosphere

55
Q

Atmosphere #4

A

Troposphere

56
Q

Crust

A

low density, extremely thin

57
Q

Minerals

A

inorganic naturally occurring chemicals with a crystalline structure

58
Q

Rocks

A

Solid collections of minerals

59
Q

Mantle

A

much thicker

60
Q

Mantle

A

iron, magnesium, silicates

61
Q

Lower Mantle

A

More pressure → denser as material is pushed together

62
Q

Outer Core

A

Iron melts → turns to liquid

63
Q

Inner Core

A

Tons of pressure → always solid

64
Q

Igneous Rock

A

magma cools

65
Q

Igneous Rock

A

90% of crust

66
Q

Intrusive Igneous Rock

A

Magma cools and solidifies BENEATH surface

67
Q

Intrusive Igneous Rock

A

Cool slower → more time for crystals to form

68
Q

Intrusive Igneous Rock

A

granite, felsic rock

69
Q

Felsic

A

rich in light colored and lightweight minerals like silicon and aluminum

70
Q

Extrusive Igneous rock

A

Magma cools and solidified on the surface

71
Q

Extrusive Igneous Rock

A

Small individual minerals and fine grained texture

72
Q

Extrusive Igneous Rock

A

basalt, mafic rock

73
Q

Mafic

A

rich in darker and heavier minerals like magnesium and iron

74
Q

Deeper Igneous Rock

A

heavier, denser and darker

75
Q

Surface Level Igneous Rock

A

less dense, lighter color

76
Q

Granular Disintegration

A

Individual pieces/ sediments break off from a rock

77
Q

Sediments

A

Can gather around base of rock → float away in rain → settle on ocean floors and river banks

78
Q

Strata

A

Horizontal layers of deposited rock

79
Q

Sedimentary Rock

A

Pressure from material above compacts sediments

80
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

sandstone (sediments), limestone and coal (organic matter)

81
Q

Metamorphism

A

Action that causes existing rock to change into a different rock type

82
Q

Metamorphic Rocks

A

recrystallized minerals

83
Q

Metamorphic Rocks

A

Gneiss, hard and resistant to weathering

84
Q

Soil Components

A

sand>silt> clay

85
Q

Sand

A

Biggest particle –> higher porosity –> higher permeability

86
Q

Clay

A

smallest particle –> lower porosity –> lower permeability

87
Q

H2O Holding Capacity

A

more porosity and permeability means less ______

88
Q

Increasing Nutrients

A

organic matter, decomposers, clay’s negative charge, bases that neutralize pH

89
Q

Decreasing Nutrients

A

acids that draw in positive charge, excessive rain/ farming, topsoil erosion

89
Q

Increasing Water

A

aerated soil, deep root structure, organic matter

89
Q

Decreasing Water

A

Compacted soil, topsoil erosion, sand, root loss

90
Q

Weathering

A

Removes CO2 from the atmosphere –> turn them into carbonates –> dissolve in water to create rock

91
Q

Weathered Mantle

A

Pieces on top of solid bedrock that haven’t moved

92
Q

Mass Movement

A

when gravity moves rock fragments without erosion

93
Q

Granular Disintegration

A

mineral grains fall out of rocks

94
Q

Frost Action

A

water gets absorbed and frozen in rock pores then explodes with pressure from added mass

95
Q

Salt Crystal Growth

A

water evaporates and leaves minerals to form crystals that then split apart the rock

96
Q

Oxidation

A

metallic elements combine with oxygen to form oxide that can weaken rocks

97
Q

erosion

A

rock material is carried away

98
Q

Denudation

A

all processes that wear away landscapes

99
Q

Mechanical Weathering

A

rock breaks down without chemical help

100
Q

H2O and CO2

A

forms carbonic acid during carbonation

101
Q

Calcium Bicarbonate

A

calcium carbonate and carbonic acid that weakens limestone

APES (1 decks)

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