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Module 1 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Long haul communication methods tend to be through wireless (___) means, such as radio waves, microwaves, or infrared radiation.

A

unbounded

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2
Q

Many short-distance transmissions and systems you will maintain call for physical (____) mediums e.g. cables to interconnect and transmit data throughout.

A

bounded

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3
Q

What are the two types of bounded media?

A

Copper
Fiber Optic

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4
Q

____ media are a type of bounded media that use one or more copper conductors surrounded by an insulated coating.

A

Copper

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5
Q

The conductors from copper media can be made from a ___ ___ or from braided strands of wire.

A

solid wire

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6
Q

Sometimes ____, in the form of a braided wire or foil, is wrapped around one or more conductors to reduce signal interference from nearby sources of electromagnetic radiation.

A

shielding

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7
Q

What are the two most prevalent types of copper media?

A

Twisted Pair
Coaxial

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8
Q

A ___ ___ cable is a type of cable in which one or more pairs of copper wires are twisted around each other and clad in a color-coated, protective insulating plastic sheath or jacket to form a pair.

A

Twisted Pair

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9
Q

Each pair of twisted pair cables is encased in a ___ ___ plastic sheath or jacket.

A

color coded

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10
Q

The number of pairs within a cable will ___ depending on the type of twisted pair cable.

A

vary

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11
Q

Twisted pair cables often use ____ around pairs of wires.

A

shielding

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12
Q

Twisted pair cables can be divided into two types:

A

unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
shielded twisted pair (STP)

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13
Q

The following describes which type of twisted pair cable?

Does not include shielding around its conductors
Typically contains four pairs of stranded or solid conductors
Is inexpensive and reliable

A

Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)

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14
Q

The following describes which type of twisted pair cable?

Includes foil wrapper shielding around its conductors to improve the cable’s resistance to interference and noise
Typically contains four pairs of stranded or solid conductors
Is more expensive than UTP

A

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

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15
Q

Wire colors are ____.

A

standardized.

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16
Q

The industry standard for twisted pair is…?

A

one solid wire color and a second striped wire of the same solid color plus white

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17
Q

The striped wire is the ___ ___.

A

Primary wire

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18
Q

The solid wire is the ___ ___.

A

Secondary wire

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19
Q

Twisted pair cable comes in different grades, called _____ (e.g., CAT5, CAT6), which support different network speeds and technologies.

A

categories

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20
Q

Twisted pair uses Registered Jack (RJ) connectors such as ____ and ____.

A

RJ-45 and RJ-11

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21
Q

The RJ-45 is an ___-pin connector used by twisted pair
cables in _____-.

A

eight
networking

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22
Q

All four pairs of wires in the twisted pair cable use this connector.

A

RJ-45

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23
Q

The RJ-11 connector is used with CAT1 cables in ____ system connections and is not suitable for network connectivity.

A

telephone

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24
Q

RJ-11 connectors are smaller than RJ-45 connectors and may be used with ____ or ____ pairs of wires.

A

two or three

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25
Q

However, because the RJ-11 connector is similar in appearance to the RJ-45 connector, they are often _____.

A

confused

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26
Q

_______ cables, or coax, are a type of copper cable that features a central conducting copper core surrounded by an insulator and a metallic shield made of braided wires or foil.

A

coaxial

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27
Q

In coaxial cables, the _____ separates the conductor and shield, and the entire package is wrapped in an outer layer called a sheath or _____.

A

insulator
jacket

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28
Q

In coaxial cables, the data signal is transmitted over the ___ ___.

A

center conductor

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29
Q

Many varieties of coax cables are available. The cables used in RF Transmission Operations can be ___ ___ or ____ ____.

A

solid core or stranded core

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30
Q

A solid core cable is made of a ____ strand of metal.

A

single

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31
Q

A _____ core cable consists of multiple strands of wire that have been braided together.

A

stranded

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32
Q

Connectors are the metal devices that are located at the end of a cable, known as the ___ ___.

A

termination point

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33
Q

Coaxial connectors are used to connect audio/video equipment, radio systems, SATCOM, antennas, and network nodes in a ____.

A

LAN

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34
Q

All coaxial connectors are ____ plated and some of the metals used are gold, silver, rhodium, nickel, or tin.

A

metal

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35
Q

While there are many varieties of coax connectors, some of the most common types you will see are:

A

Bayonet Neill-Concelman (BNC)
N-Type
SubMiniature Version A (SMA)
Threaded Neill-Concelman (TNC).

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36
Q

What does BNC stand for?

A

Bayonet Neill-Concelman

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37
Q

What does SMA stand for?

A

SubMiniature Version A

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38
Q

What does TNC stand for?

A

Threaded Neill-Concelman

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39
Q

The following describes which common type of coaxial connector?

The ____ is one of the oldest types of RF connectors. It is a quick-disconnect style of connector used on coaxial cable, for wireless antenna extensions, video, audio, and networking duties.

A

BNC

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40
Q

The following describes which common type of coaxial connector?

The ____ or “N Connector” is named after its inventor, Bell Labs’
Paul Neill (who also invented the BNC connector). The largest of the RF connectors, ____ is commonly used with antennas.

A

N-Type

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41
Q

The following describes which common type of coaxial connector?

The ____ connector is the smallest common RF connector. ____ was developed in the 1960’s. The male connector has inside threads, and the female connector has outside threads.

A

SMA

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42
Q

The following describes which common type of coaxial connector?

The ____ connector is similar to BNC except for the connecting method. Where BNC has a slotted mating collar, ____ has a screw-down type connector.

A

TNC

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43
Q

___ ___ are used to transmit telephone signals, internet communications and television signals.

A

Fiber optics

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44
Q

A fiber optic cable is a network cable that has a core surrounded by one or more ___ or ___ strands.

A

glass or plastic

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45
Q

These cables are the least sensitive of any cable type to electromagnetic interference (EMI).

A

fiber optic cables

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46
Q

What are the five components that make up a fiber optic cable?

A
  1. Outer jacket
  2. Strength member
  3. Coating
  4. Cladding
  5. Core
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47
Q

What are the four components that make up a coaxial cable?

A
  1. Plastic Jacket
  2. Metallic Shield
  3. Insulator
  4. Center Core
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48
Q

The core of a fiber optic cable is the thin glass center through which ____ travels transmitting data.

A

light

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49
Q

The core of a fiber optic cable is between ___ and ___ microns thick with cladding made from optical materials such as silica.

A

five and 100

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50
Q

The ____ reflects light back to the core in patterns determined by the transmission mode.

A

cladding

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51
Q

A buffer or coating, often made of _____, surrounds the cladding and core.

A

plastic

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52
Q

An outer jacket, also known as a ___ or ___, wraps around and protects the whole assembly.

A

sheath or armor

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53
Q

Light pulses emitted from a laser or high intensity light emitting diode (LED) are passed through the core to…?

A

carry the signal

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54
Q

The cladding reflects the light back into the ____, increasing the distance the signal can travel without a need for regeneration.

A

core

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55
Q

You should never look into the end of an operating fiber optic cable. The intensity of light leaving the end of the fiber is strong enough to cause…?

A

temporary or permanent damage to the eye

56
Q

There are two modes of fiber optic cables available:

A

multimode and singlemode

57
Q

Both modes of fiber optic cables have an outer diameter of ___ microns; that is, 125 millionths of a meter or 5 thousandths of an inch, which is just larger than a single human hair.

A

125

58
Q

Multimode fiber allows light to travel through its core in ___ ___ or modes.

A

multiple rays

59
Q

Its core of 50 or 62.5 microns works with LED sources for slower networks and with laser for faster networks.

A

multimode fiber

60
Q

Multimode fiber is used mostly for ____ distances, up to 500 meters.

A

short

61
Q

At only __ microns, the core of a single-mode fiber is much smaller in diameter than multimode fiber.

A

9

62
Q

Within single-mode fiber, light travels _____.

A

unidirectionally

63
Q

Single-mode fiber is used with laser to process telephony and ___ ___ transmissions.

A

cable television

64
Q

___ ___ fiber has a higher transmission rate and up to 50 times more potential distance than multimode fiber.

A

single-mode

65
Q

_____ occurs when a ray of light, passing through one transparent medium to another, bends due to a change in velocity.

A

Refraction

66
Q

In regards to refraction, the change in velocity occurs due to the differences in the ____ of the two media.

A

density

67
Q

What are the four connector types for fiber optic cables?

A
  1. Straight Tip
  2. Subscriber Connector (SC)
  3. Local Connector (LC)
  4. Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack (MT-RJ)
68
Q

The following picture is what type of fiber optic connector?

A

Local Connector (LC)

69
Q

The following picture is what type of fiber optic connector?

A

MT-RJ

70
Q

The following picture is what type of fiber optic connector?

A

Straight Tip

71
Q

The following picture is what type of fiber optic connector?

A

Subscriber Connector

72
Q

_____ is a common return path for electricity or a direct physical connection to the earth.

A

Grounding

73
Q

There are three main reasons for grounding:

A

personnel safety, equipment protection, and noise
reduction.

74
Q

The following describes which of the main reasons for grounding?

___ ___ is provided by grounding electrical equipment, buildings, and large metal objects that could conduct dangerous amounts of electricity. Grounding such items diverts the electricity to the earth and activates protective devices (e.g., fuses and circuit breakers) that shut down the affected circuit.

A

Personnel Safety

75
Q

The following describes which of the main reasons for grounding?

_____ is protected by grounding power sources, equipment
racks, building structures, and other conductive objects. This prevents transient electricity from reaching levels that could damage _____.

A

Equipment protection

76
Q

The following describes which of the main reasons for grounding?

___ ___ is a result of poor grounding or shielding. This noise is reduced by minimizing the difference in potential between equipment items. By properly grounding equipment to the earth electrode subsystem, you can lower the impedance between the signal reference and ground. Noise control may also require other measures such as shielding or filtering local noise sources.

A

Electrical noise

77
Q

The most practical method of connecting to earth is to bury a
solid body, such as a metal rod, pipe, or sheet, and connect a
___ ___ to it.

A

ground conductor

78
Q

This solid body is known as a ____ ____ and provides a direct
physical connection to the earth for the grounding system.

A

grounding electrode

79
Q

Often, acceptable low electrode resistance cannot be obtained because of…?

A

high soil resistivity

80
Q

The following methods are used to help lower the resistance of the electrode:

A
  1. Deeper Grounding Electrode
  2. Parallel Grounding Electrodes
  3. Soil Replacement
  4. Concrete Encapsulation
  5. Other Methods
81
Q

The following describes which method for obtaining better grounds?

As a grounding electrode is driven more deeply into the soil, it not only has more surface contact with the earth, but it also begins to reach soil which is more conductive. The deeper the electrode, the less the effect of poor surface moisture content and temperature changes.

A

Deeper Grounding Electrode

82
Q

The following describes which method for obtaining better grounds?

Another method to reduce ground resistance is by adding additional electrodes in parallel. Multiple electrodes connected by a conductor have a greater ability to equalize potential over the installation area. The auxiliary electrodes should be spaced according to requirements dictated by applicable guidance, until the desired resistance is achieved. As the additional conductors are added, test measurements would be taken to gage the level of resistance.

A

Parallel Grounding Electrodes

83
Q

The following describes which method for obtaining better grounds?

You can significantly lower the resistance of a grounding electrode by lowering the resistivity of the soil immediately surrounding it. By adjusting the mineral content and moisture, desired resistance levels can be attained. This process typically involves a mixture of minerals, such as, gypsum, bentonite, and sodium sulfate.

A

Soil Replacement

84
Q

The following describes which method for obtaining better grounds?

Encapsulating grounding electrodes with concrete increases their effective diameter. The concrete absorbs water from the soil, increasing the conductivity directly around the electrode.

A

Concrete Encapsulation

85
Q

The following describes which method for obtaining better grounds?

Other more-elaborate methods include installation of a ground loop conductor, electrode networks, or multiple electrodes laid horizontally both parallel and perpendicular, and bonded together to create a grid below the surface.

A

Other methods

86
Q

_____ is defined as an electrical connection between two electrically conductive objects made with the intent of significantly reducing potential differences.

A

Bonding

87
Q

In other words, bonding is the practice of connecting ___ or ___ metallic objects together allowing electricity to flow from one to another.

A

two or more

88
Q

There are several methods used to bond surfaces. Regardless of the technique, the connection must remain mechanically ____ and corrosion _____.

A

strong
resistant

89
Q

The three common methods of bonding:

A

soldering, mechanical, and exothermic connections

90
Q

_____ is the process of joining two metal surfaces together by melting a metal filler (solder) between the two objects.

A

soldering

91
Q

___ ___ is a fast, inexpensive means of bonding. It is ideal for circuitry, fabricating or repairing cables, and other electronic applications.

A

electrical soldering

92
Q

This involves heating the metal surfaces to be joined by using a tool such as a soldering iron. Touch the heated tip of the soldering iron to the contact points of the objects. Once the contact points have been heated, the solder is then applied and absorbed into the joint, creating a strong electrical bond.

A

soldering

93
Q

However, it is important to note that due to the ___ ___ ___ of solder (400-700 degrees Fahrenheit depending on the alloy), soldering is unsuitable for joining high power applications together.

A

low melting point

94
Q

The heat generated by high levels of electricity through a conductor can ____ solder, causing damage to equipment or injuring personnel.

A

melt

95
Q

When dealing with high power applications, nuts, bolts, and
clamps are the recommended form of bonding; commonly
referred to as “__ __.”

A

mechanical bonding

96
Q

As previously stated, the heat generated from high power sources can cause bonds, such as solder, to melt or become weakened. Thus, the use of ___, ___ and ____ are the preferred method of bonding in this case.

A

nuts, bolts and clamps

97
Q

What are the two downsides to mechanical bonding?

A

Mechanical bonding may become loose in environments with a lot of movement or vibration, and it is susceptible to corrosion.

98
Q

The ____ ____ is a means of joining copper conductors using a superheated alloy. This process doesn’t require external heat, but merely the chemical mixture, starter powders, and a flint spark lighter.

A

Exothermic process

99
Q

The mold is filled with the powders, ignited with the flint spark
lighter, beginning the chemical reaction process. The chemical
reaction produces high temperatures, fusing the copper
conductors together and forming an electrically conductive bond
between them. When the connection cools, a ______,
corrosion resistant bond remains.

A

permanent

100
Q

_______ is the use of conductive enclosures or casings to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) or radio frequency interference (RFI) which can impact sensitive electronics and interrupt communications.

A

Shielding

101
Q

The purpose of shielding is to…?

A

separate electrical devices from their surroundings.

102
Q

____ is an electromagnetic disturbance that interrupts, obstructs, or otherwise degrades or limits the effective performance of electronics and electrical equipment.

A

EMI

103
Q

RFI is similar to EMI but occurs within the ___ ___.

A

RF spectrum

104
Q

EMI and RFI can be induced _____ as in some forms of electronic warfare (e.g., radio jamming), or ____ from nearby electronic and/or electrical devices.

A

intentionally
unintentionally

105
Q

EMI can sometimes be heard as a ___ or ___ sound.

A

noise or buzzing

106
Q

Effective shielding helps protect signals from ___ and ___.

A

interference and interception

107
Q

There are five components integral to an effective
lightning protection system:

A

Strike termination devices
Cable conductors
Grounding electrodes
Bonding
Surge arresters

108
Q

The following describes which of the five-component integral to a lightning protection system:

___ ___ ___ function as an element that intercepts a lightning strike. Rather than the lightning attaching to a building or other non-conductive materials, the ___ ___ accepts that potential energy. Then cable conductors pass the electricity through the rest of the lightning protection system and into the grounding system.

A

Strike termination devices

109
Q

Strike termination devices are often referred to as ___ or ___.

A

air terminals or lightning rods

110
Q

Air terminals are typically mounted on the ___ ___ (peaks, ridges, and edges) that are proven to be most susceptible to a strike.

A

structural points

111
Q

The following describes which of the five components integral to a lightning protection system?

In a lightning protection system, ___ ___ have the job of routing the electricity from the air terminals down to the grounding system. Energy always looks for the shortest path to
ground; therefore, a conductor system creates that pathway.

A

Cable Conductors

112
Q

A conductor system consists of cable conductors connected between the air terminals and the grounding system., which are typically what kind of metals?

A

copper, aluminum, or structural steel

113
Q

Down conductors must be maintained in a direct horizontal or _____ path, to lead the energy to the ground.

A

downward

114
Q

All air terminals are required to be connected to conductors with at least ____ paths to a grounding system.

A

two

115
Q

___ ___ protect the facility from excess electricity (surges) on power and communications lines.

A

surge arresters

116
Q

For smaller, low power applications, surge protectors help protect electronic devices, such as computers or other sensitive devices. These surges may be caused by _____ or switching operations at power distribution stations.

A

lightning

117
Q

____ ____ is another potential threat to sensitive electronic components. Even the smallest amount of discharge can blow a fuse or completely fry electronic circuitry.

A

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

118
Q

___ ___ is a resting electrical charge with the potential to transfer electrons from one body or object to another.

A

static electricity

119
Q

With static electricity, the amount of charge depends on the ___, ___ , ____, and electrical properties of the substances that make up the bodies or objects.

A

size, shape, composition

120
Q

The electrical charge can be changed when two substances are ___ ___ or separated.

A

rubbed together

121
Q

The charges on these two substances are equal and opposite, and if the material is nonconductive, the electrical charge may ____ at the contact area for relatively long periods.

A

remain

122
Q

However, charges generated on conductive materials are rapidly _____ throughout their surfaces.

A

distributed

123
Q

Discharge happens when a positively or negatively charged material contacts a grounded (neutral) object or an object
of the ______ charge.

A

opposite

124
Q

The following are some common materials that are involved in generating static electricity:

A

● Workbench coverings – Finished wood, synthetic material, metal, glass, and plastic.
● Tools – Plastic covered tools.
● Chairs – Plastic, fabric-covered, metal, finished wood, and fiberglass.
● Clothing – Silk, synthetics, wool, and furs.
● Packaging materials – Styrofoam and bubble wrap.

125
Q

Rapid discharge of static electricity across the elements within an ESD sensitive (ESDS) device will ____ or ____ its operational capabilities.

A

destroy or degrade

126
Q

These items require special work areas and handling precautions when you are maintaining them. The best method for controlling
electrostatic discharges is to prevent it from building up by bonding items together and providing a…?

A

path to ground

127
Q

It is important to note that some of today’s circuits are sensitive very small amounts of electricity and damage can occur to devices without…?

A

personnel knowing

128
Q

As stated in T.O. 00–25–234, General Shop Practice Requirements for The Repair, Maintenance, and Test of Electrical Equipment, Chapter 7 Electrostatic Discharge Control, the following are two
simple rules that will substantially reduce the risk of ESD damage to ESDS items:

A

Rule 1: Handle all ESDS items at an approved static control workstation.
Rule 2: Transport and store all ESDS items (both reparable and serviceable) in static shielding (Faraday Cage) and packages or containers that can’t generate a charge.

129
Q

A static control ____ is a workbench technicians use when working on electronic components or systems.

A

workstation

130
Q

These workstations are designed to provide protection from
____ ____.

A

static charges

131
Q

When utilized correctly, the individual and the workbench are both grounded preventing static electricity from building up. Each type of workstation has the following three principal components:

A
  1. Static dissipative work surface.
  2. ESD wrist strap.
  3. Common point ground system.
132
Q

A common point ground system is a specialized grounding system that has all parts connected at a…?

A

single location

133
Q

Wearing an ESD wrist strap is the single most important item for effective static control because it…?

A

drains static charge from the individual wearing it

134
Q

The wrist strap consists of the following three parts:

A
  • woven or knitted elastic fabric cuff.
  • A metallic plate.
  • A coiled, insulated, and flexible cord.
135
Q

Do not wear ESD wrist straps when working on energized parts, assemblies, and equipment. You can be severely injured or cause damage to the equipment because you are ___ ___ to the equipment through the common point ground system.

A

directly connected

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