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BIO 201 > unit 4 > Flashcards

unit 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where is gametogenesis stored?

A

testes (seminiferous tubules)

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2
Q

where do sperm go to mature and be stored?

A

epididymis

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3
Q

what does the primary spermatocyte cell do?

A

meiosis

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4
Q

monomer of nucleic acids

A

nucleotide

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5
Q

What 3 parts to all nucleotides have?

A

a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base

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6
Q

how many rings in purines?

A

2

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7
Q

how many rings in pyrimidines?

A

1

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8
Q

what bond links nucleotides?

A

phosphodiester bond

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9
Q

explain Chargaff’s ratio

A

ratio of A:T is always around 1, and the ratio of G:C is always around 1

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10
Q

what types of bonds are formed between the bases in double stranded DNA?

A

hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

One base is changed in the DNA sequence, but it doesn’t change the amino acid sequence

A

silent mutation

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12
Q

one base is changed in the DNA sequence that changes one amino acid in the sequence

A

missense mutation

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13
Q

one base is changed in the DNA sequence that changes one amino acid to a stop codon

A

nonsense mutation

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14
Q

addition of 1-2 bases in the DNA sequence, produces a different amino acid sequence

A

Frameshift

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15
Q

What are the 3 models of DNA replication?

A

conservative, dispersive, and semiconservative

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16
Q

explain conservative DNA replication

A

results in 2 DNA copies - one made of entirely new DNA and another made of the old DNA strands

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17
Q

explain semi-conservative DNA replication

A

results in 2 DNA copies, each with one strand of old DNA and one strand of new DNA

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18
Q

explain dispersive DNA replication

A

results in 2 DNA copies, each strand contains some new and old DNA

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19
Q

What is the correct DNA replication model?

A

Semi-conservative model

20
Q

what enzyme makes DNA

A

DNA polymerase

21
Q

How does DNA polymerase make DNA?

A

adds nucleotides onto the end of a nucleic acid (primer)

22
Q

what strand is continuous in DNA replication?

A

leading strand

23
Q

what strand is discontinuous in DNA replication?

A

lagging strand

24
Q

what does DNA helicase do?

A

separates DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds

25
Q

What type of mutation is sickle cell anemia?

A

missense

26
Q

what is the goal of mitosis?

A

to generate two daughter cells identical to mother cell in chromosome content

27
Q

What phase of mitosis does DNA replication occur?

A

S phase (technically before mitosis begins)

28
Q

Define homologous chromosomes

A

same genes in same order on chromosome, but DNA sequences aren’t identical

29
Q

define sister chromatids

A

when 1 chromosome is replicated and now you have 2 copies of that chromosome

30
Q

what are the 5 stages of mitosis?

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

31
Q

what is the mitotic spindle made of?

A

microtubules

32
Q

What are the mitotic spindles responsible for during mitosis?

A

separating chromosomes

33
Q

what happens in prophase in mitosis?

A

duplicated chromosomes condense

34
Q

what is the kinetochore

A

a protein structure formed at the centromere

35
Q

where are sister chromosomes joined?

A

at the centromere

36
Q

what happens in prometaphase in mitosis?

A
  • nuclear envelope completely fragments
  • spindle fiber microtubules attach to centromere/kinetochore
37
Q

what happens in metaphase in mitosis?

A

-chromosomes move back and forth until lined up at metaphase plate
-in a line in the middle

38
Q

what happens in anaphase in mitosis?

A
  • sister chromatids begin to be separated and move towards opposite poles
39
Q

what happens in telophase in mitosis?

A
  • chromosomes arrive at poles
40
Q

cytokinesis

A
  • making two cells from one
41
Q

how do plants do cytokinesis?

A
  • make cell plate
42
Q

how do animals do cytokinesis?

A
  • squeeze off the middle using actin filaments
43
Q

what is the goal of meiosis?

A

Start out with a cell with two copies of each chromosome (diploid) (like a primary spermatocyte)
-Want to produce four cells, each with one copy of each chromosome (haploid) (like sperm)

44
Q

what happens in prophase I in meisosis?

A

make bivalent / crossing over

45
Q

does crossing over occur in mitosis or meiosis?

A

meiosis

46
Q

what happens in meiosis I?

A

prophase I, pairs of homologous chromosomes migrate to metaphase plate, homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles - end up in opposite cells after cytokinesis

47
Q

what happens in meiosis II?

A

sister chromatids are separated into different cells
-outcome is 4 cells, each haploid,

BIO 201 (2 decks)

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