😡🖕Unit 4🖕😡

Question 1

When energy is converted into a new form, what always happens

Answer 1

Some if that energy is lost as heat energy

Question 2

What happens during an exergonic reaction?

Answer 2

Energy exits

Products have less energy than reactants

Question 3

What happens during Endergonic reactions

Answer 3

Energy enters

Products will have more energy than the reactants

Question 4

What happens to molecules when they are phosphorylated

Answer 4

An phosphate from an ATP is transferred to another molecule giving it energy or energizing it.

Question 5

In photosynthesis what is being oxidized and what is being reduced

Answer 5

H2O is oxidized
CO2 is reduced
Electrons will gain energy

Question 6

What is being oxidized and reduced in cellular respiration

Answer 6

Glucose is oxidized
O2 is reduced
Elections loose potential energy

Question 7

Do most cells of most organisms harvest energy aerobically or anaerobically

Answer 7

Aerobically

Question 8

What does cellular respiration eventually yield

Answer 8

CO2
H2O
Large amounts of ATP

Question 9

What is the internal structure of the mitochondria

Answer 9

The inner membrane - location of ETC

Cristae - not important for now

Matrix - location of Kreb’s cycle (citric acid cycle)

Question 10

General overview of glycolysis

Answer 10

Breaks down glucose, releases small amounts of ATP

Question 11

General overview of Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)

Answer 11

Completes breakdown of glucose and generates CO2 and small amounts of ATP

Question 12

General overview of ETC

Answer 12

An electron gets pulled through a chain by oxygen, and H+ ions get flung up a gradient

Question 13

In glycolysis, when glucose (a 6 carbon molecule) is broken down, what is it broken down into?

Answer 13

In two molecules of a 3 carbon compound called pyruvate

Question 14

Inputs and outputs if Glycolysis

Answer 14

Inputs: glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+

Outputs: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP (net gain of 2), 2 NADH

Question 15

In alcoholic fermentation, what is pyruvate being converted into

Answer 15

CO2 and ethanol

Question 16

What is pyruvate converted into in lactic acid fermentation

Answer 16

Lactate

Question 17

What happens in the Link Reaction right before the Kreb’s Cycle

Answer 17

Each pyruvate is broken down to form CO2 (waste) and a two carbon acetyl group (acetyl CoA), which then enters the Kreb’s Cycle

Question 18

What is the main goal of the Kreb’s Cycle

Answer 18

Completes the oxidation of organic fuel and generates many NADH and FADH2 molecules, supplying the electron transport chain with the electrons.

Question 19

Kreb’s cycle inputs and outputs

Answer 19

Inputs: 2 pyruvate-Acetyl CoA, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, 2 ADP

Outputs: CO2 (waste), 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

Question 20

What happens in Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC and Chemiosmosis)

Answer 20

ETC: electrons from the electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen. *Energy released by electrons pumps H+ into spaces between the membranes

Chemiosmosis: H+ ions diffuse across the inner mitochondrial membrane through ATP synthase, which captures energy to make ATP

Question 21

Inputs and outputs if oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 21

Inputs: oxygen, NADH, FADH2, ADP

Outputs: H2O, NAD+, FAD, LOTS of ATP

Question 22

Give a brief summary of cellular respiration

Answer 22

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate

Pyruvate is made into acetyl CoA (releasing CO2)

Kreb’s cycle uses Acetyl-CoA and produces 2 ATP, more CO2, and a lot of electrons carried by NADH and FADH2

Finally the ETC uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to power the production of ATP molecules

1 glucose molecule = 38 ATP

Question 23

Give the equation for photosynthesis

Answer 23

6 CO2 + 6 H2O —> —>C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Carbon dioxide + water —> Glucose + oxygen

Question 24

Which organelle in a plant cell is responsible for absorbing light

Answer 24

Chloroplast, it’s essentially the mitochondria of photosynthesis

Question 25

What are stomata

Answer 25

Pores on the underside of leaves, that open and close to let CO2 in and O2 out

Question 26

What are thylakoids and what are they the location of

Answer 26

Interconnected membranous sacs, and light reaction happens there

Question 27

What are stacks of thylakoids called

Answer 27

Grana

Question 28

What are the 4 steps of the Calvin cycle

Answer 28

1: carbon fixation
2: reduction
3: release of one molecule of G3P to make glucose
4: regeneration of RuBP (rubisco)

Question 29

What is the purpose of coenzyme A (CoA)

Answer 29

It helps the acetyl group enter the Kreb’s cycle and then splits off and gets recycled

Question 30

What affect would the absence of oxygen have on oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 30

There would be no ATP produced. Without oxygen to “pull” electrons down the ETC, H+ ions cannot be harnessed for ATP synthase

Question 31

What is Chemiosmosis

Answer 31

When H+ ions go down the ATP synthase to create ATP

Question 32

Rotenone is a poison that binds to the first protein complex of the ETC, this blocks electrons from going through the ETC. What affect will this have

Answer 32

Since the electrons can’t move through the ETC, H+ ions won’t go up their concentration gradient, meaning they won’t go through the ATP synthase, resulting in no ATP being made

Question 33

When cyanide blocks the ETC, glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle soon stop as well, why?

Answer 33

They run out of NAD+ and FAD

Question 34

What are the two main functions of fermentation

Answer 34

Fermentation recycles NADH back into NAD+ so that ATP can continue to be made by glycolysis.

Thus, fermentation allows a cell to break down fuel molecules to produce ATP anaerobically

Question 35

What kind of reaction is photosynthesis

Answer 35

Endergonic (product has more energy than the reactants)

Question 36

What is the final electron acceptor of photosynthesis

Answer 36

NADP+, electrons are stored at a high state of of potential energy in NADH

Question 37

Why would a poison that inhibits an enzyme of the Calvin Cycle also inhibit the light reactions

Answer 37

The light reactors require ADP and NADP+, which are not recycled from ATP and NADPH when the Calvin Cycle stops