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AP Biology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Life of a cell form its formation until it devied

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2
Q

Histones

A

Protein found in chromatin

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3
Q

Nucleosomes

A

DNA gets warps in Histones(Protein)

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4
Q

Chromatin is non-condensed

A

Cell is not actively dividing

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5
Q

Chromatin

A

String of nucleosomes

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

Visible in prophase, after DNA replication, chromosomes condenses

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7
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Copies of chromosomes joint together

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8
Q

Centromere

A

Region of a chromosomes to which the microtubules of the spindle attach(Kinetochore and mitotic spindle microtubules attach)

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9
Q

Kinetochore

A

Protein that’s link each sister chromatids in centromere. Microtubules spindle can attach to it.

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10
Q

Genome

A

All cells genetic information

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11
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Single, circular DNA

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12
Q

Eukaryotes

A

one or more linear chromosomes

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13
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Two identical chromosomes

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14
Q

Stomatic Cell

A

Two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent(2n)

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15
Q

Gametes Cells

A

Reproductive cells(egg/sperms)(n)

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16
Q

Interphase

A

G1-> S -> G2 -> M

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17
Q

G1 phase

A

“First Gap” phase: Cell growth and carries out normal function

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18
Q

S phase

A

“Synthesis” phase: DNA replication and chromosomes duplicate occurs

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19
Q

G2 phase

A

“Second Gap” phase: final growth and preparation for mitosis

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20
Q

Mitosis

A

nuclear divides
Results: 2 doughter cells

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21
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm divides

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22
Q

Prophase

A

*Chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled.
*Duplicated chromosomes appears as two identical sister chromatids joined at their centromeres.
*Mitotic spindle begins to from
*Centrosomes move away from each other
* Sister chromatids going to condense chromosomes, DNA wraps with histone.

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23
Q

Prometaphase

A

*Microtubules extending from each centrosomes
*Chromosomes become more condensed
* Two chromatids of each chromosomes now have Kinetochore
*Some Microtubules are attached to Kinetochore
*non-kinetochore microtubules interact with those form the opposite poles of the spindle

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24
Q

Metaphase

A

*Sister chromatids are lined up in middle, metaphase plate
* Kinetochore microtubules comes out from centrosomes bind to kinetochore in the centromere of chromosomes
*Centrosomes at opposite poles of the cell

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25
Q

Anaphase

A

*Sister chromatids split, when the cohesion protein are cleaved.
*Microtubules goes through depolymerization(Shorter) kinetochore

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25
Q

Telophase and Cytokinesis

A

*Two daughters nuclei form
*nucleoli reappear
*Chromosomes become less condensed
*Division of cytoplasm(Animals: Cleavage furrow, pinch)

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26
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

Checks: cell growth, growth factor, DNA damage
Stops: enters G0 stage

27
Q

G0 stage

A

Some cell stay in forever(muscle or nerves) but some can be called back into cell cycle(liver)

28
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

Check: completion of DNA replication and DNA damage
Stop: attempt to repair damage

29
Q

Apoptosis

A

damage can not be repaired
Suicide of the cell

30
Q

M(Spindle) checkpoint

A

Check: microtubules attachment to chromosomes at the kinetochores at metaphase
Stops: let spindles finish attaching to chromosomes

31
Q

Cyclins

A

A family of proteins that have no enzymatic activity of their own but activate CDKs by binding to them

32
Q

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases(CDKs)

A

Once Activated it target protein, which helps regulate key events in the cell cycle

33
Q

Growth Factors

A

Hormones released by cell that stimulate cell growth

34
Q

Contact(or density) inhibition

A

Cells stop G1 phase( cells growing) when they are in contact with another cell

35
Q

Anchorage Dependence

A

Cells rely on attachment to other cells or else it divids

36
Q

Benign Tumor

A

Cells are unable to spread elsewhere in the body

37
Q

Malignant tumor

A

cells that grow uncontrollably and spread locally and/or to distant sites

38
Q

Metasis

A

Cell separates and spread

39
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Reduces the effect of the stimulus

40
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Increases the effect of a stimulus

41
Q

Signal Transduction

A

internal cellular changes
Activation or deactivation of enzymes
Phosphorylation by kinases
Secondary messengers amplify the signal

42
Q

Homologous

A

Same relation

43
Q

cAMP

A
44
Q

Autocrine

A

cells signal themselves with their own receptors and ligands

45
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Regulate apoptosis in the cell cycle

46
Q

Local Regulators

A

Release chemical message that travel a short distance

47
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

growth factors signal near by

48
Q

Synaptic Signaling

A

Occurs in animal nervous system

49
Q

Long Distance Signaling

A

signals are produced by specialized cells and released into the bloodstream, which carries them to target cells in distant parts of the body.

50
Q

Juxtacrine

A

Contact dependent

51
Q

Plant Long Distance

A

Vascular Tissue or through the air to reach target tissues

52
Q

Endocrine

A

Hormonal, travel through bloodstream

53
Q

Reception

A

Detection and receiving of a ligand by a receptor in the target cell

54
Q

Ligand

A

signal molecule

55
Q

Receptor

A

bind to ligand to get a response

56
Q

Plasma Membrane Receptors

A

Bind to ligand that are polar and large (GPCR and Ligan gate channel)

57
Q

Intracellular Receptors

A

Cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell
bind ligan to pass through the plasma membrane (hydrophobic)

58
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of extracellular signal to an intercellular signal that will bring about a cellular response

59
Q

Protein Kinase

A

Adding Phosphate

60
Q

Protein Phosphatase

A

Removing Phosphate

61
Q

Second Messenger

A

small molecules and ions that relay signals received by cell-surface receptors to effector proteins.

62
Q

Response

A

Final molecule in the signaling pathway convert to a response that will alter or cellular process

63
Q

GPCRs

A

Bind to a G protein that can bind to GTP which is energy molecule similar to ATP

64
Q

Cytoplasmic

A

Allow G protein to bind to GPCR
Activate the GPCRs and G protein

65
Q

Ion Channels

A

Opens gate when ligand is attached to GPCR, allowing ion to go in.

AP Biology (2 decks)

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