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GENE 3000 Final > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 groups of animals does the Primatomorpha include?

A

The dermaptera and primates

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2
Q

What are the dermapteras?

A

Small group of Southeast Asian gliding mammals

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3
Q

What 2 groups are the primates divided into?

A

Wet nose (strepsirrhines) and dry nose (haplorhines)

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4
Q

Lemurs, galagos, lorisids are a part of the __ group of primates

A

Wet-nose (strepsirrhines)

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5
Q

Tarsiers, monkeys, and apes are part of the __ group of primates

A

Dry-nose (haplorhines)

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6
Q

The __ are a group including monkeys and apes

A

Simians

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7
Q

Baboons, macaques, gibbons, great apes, humans are the ____ primates

A

Old world catarrhines (narrow-nosed)

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8
Q

Capuchins, howler and squirrel monkeys are the ___ primates

A

New world platyrrhines (flat-nosed)

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9
Q

What percent of all mammals are rodents?

A

40%

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10
Q

Glires include ___ and ___

A

Rodentia and lagomorpha

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11
Q

Phylogenetics attempts to determine evolutionary relationships between ___

A

Taxa

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12
Q

What is a clade?

A

The common ancestor and all of its descendants

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13
Q

A ___ is when a phylogeny only shows relationships among species

A

Cladogram

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14
Q

Terms of a phylogenetic tree

A
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15
Q

___ indicate a point in a phylogeny where the lineage splits

A

Nodes

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16
Q

___ are the terminal end of an evolutionary tree

A

Tips

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17
Q

What is the pattern of branching of a phylogenetic tree called?

A

Topology

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18
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

A clade – group made up of an organism and all its descendants

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19
Q

What is a polyphyletic group?

A

A group of species with different common ancestors

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20
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

A group that contains a common ancestor but not all of the descendants

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21
Q

What is phenetics?

A

Grouping taxa together based on their overall similarities. Assumes that more closely related taxa should be similar

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22
Q

What are 2 problems with the phenetic method?

A

Unequal evolutionary rates and homoplasy

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23
Q

What is homoplasy?

A

Similarity in a trait not due to shared descent

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24
Q

What is cladistic phylogenetics?

A

Grouping species together because they share ancestral (plesiomorphic) or derived (apomorphic) characters

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25
Q

What is homoplasy caused by?

A

Parallelism/convergence and reversal

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26
Q

What is maximum parsimony?

A

Choosing a tree with the fewest number of changes

27
Q

What is maximum likelihood?

A

Choosing a tree with highest probability of the model
Assumes explicit model of evolution

28
Q

What is the comparative method?

A

Comparing the pattern of variation across species to understand the evolution of a trait

29
Q

How many species are on earth?

A

About 8.7 million

30
Q

What is speciation?

A

Biological process by which a single lineage of organisms splits into 2 distinct species

31
Q

What is species concept?

A

A scientifically relevant and applicable definition of a species

32
Q

Morphological species concept

A

A species is based on a body shape and similarities in structure

33
Q

Problems with morphological species concept

A

Sexual dimorphism
Phenotypic differences within a species
Taxa that are morphologically similar but distinct in other ways

34
Q

Ecological species concept

A

A species is a group adapted to a particular set of resources in its environment

35
Q

Problems with ecological species concept

A

Different populations in a species having different niches

36
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

A species is the smallest set of organisms that share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other sets

Members must share common descent

37
Q

Problems with phylogenetic species concept

A

Phylogenies are hypotheses

Difficult to determine degree of difference for each species

38
Q

Biological species concept

A

Species are a population that are reproductively isolated from other groups

Gene flow within species

39
Q

Problems with biological species concept

A

Asexually reproducing species
Extinct taxa
Natural hybridization occurs
Allopatric populations possibly being able to mate with each other

40
Q

What are ring species?

A

2 populations that don’t interbreed are connected by a loop of populations that are interbreeding

Explained by biological species concept well

41
Q

Most evolutionary biologists believe ____ species concept is the most useful

A

Biological species concept is most useful

42
Q

Anagenesis

A

When 1 species evolves into another over a long period of time
Does not increase biodiversity

43
Q

Cladogenesis

A

When 1 species splits into 2 species

44
Q

Cladogenesis 3 steps

A
  1. Genetic isolation of different populations
  2. Genetic divergence of each population when in isolation (migration is 0)
  3. Reproductive isolation (no gene flow)
45
Q

Prezygotic isolating barrier

A

Prevents initial formation of zygote

46
Q

Postzygotic isolating barrier

A

Barrier after the formation of the hybrid zygote
Limits fitness of the hybrid

47
Q

Examples of intrinsic postzygotic barriers

A

Hybrid sterility, hybrid inviability

48
Q

Examples of extrinsic postzygotic barriers

A

Behavioral sterility, ecological inviability

49
Q

Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities

A

Negative epistasis
Hybrid of 2 species will have negative epistatic interactions between alleles that arose independently in each species

50
Q

Haldane’s Rule

A

When one sex of the offspring of a hybrid cross is absent, then that sex is the heterogametic sex (XY)

51
Q

Examples of prezygotic barriers (5)

A

Mechanical isolation
Gametic isolation
Habitat isolation
Behavioral isolation
Temporal isolation

52
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

Natural selection strengthening species boundaries after secondary contact

53
Q

The Ecdysozoans includes all animals that grow by ___

A

Ecdysis (animals thats molt their exoskeleton)

54
Q

Arthropods represent more than ___ of all described animal species

A

80%

55
Q

Character displacement

A

Changes that occur when 2 similar species inhabit same environment

56
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Occurs when a species separates to 2 groups that are isolated from each other

57
Q

Parapatric speciation

A

Partial physical separation of populations

58
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

No physical separation of populations

59
Q

Sympatric and parapatric speciation require…

A

Strong selection or polyploidization

60
Q

What is polyploidization?

A

Causes by nondisjunction of chromosomes during mitosis or meiosis
Results in instant speciation
Common in plants, rare in animals

61
Q

What is required for sympatric speciation?

A
  • Niche preference differences
  • Niche adaptation
  • Assortative mating
62
Q

Neogene period

A

23 - 2.6 million years ago
Early primates and early humans

63
Q

Quaternary period

A

2.6 million years ago to present

GENE 3000 Final (1 decks)

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