Unit 4 Flashcards
initial poll on a candidate and issues on which campaign strategy is based and against which later polls are compared
Benchmark polls
continuous surveys that enable a campaign or news organization to chart a candidate’s daily rise or fall in support
Tracking polls
the set of people that a particular poll is meant to represent
Polling universe
the characteristics of a population with respect to age, race, and gender.
Demographics
commonly shared attitudes, beliefs, and core values about how government should operate
Political culture
The process by which we develop our political attitudes, values, and beliefs.
Political socialization
the important principles that will guide decisions and actions in the company
Core values
giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
Individualism
the idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life
Equality of opportunity
Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference
Free enterprise
principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern
Rule of law
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
Globalization
method of polling that provides a fairly precise reading of public opinion by using random sampling
Scientific polling
interviews or surveys with samples of citizens that are used to estimate the feelings and beliefs of the entire population
Public opinion polls
A method of systematically questioning a small, selected sample of respondents who are deemed representative of the total population.
Opinion polls
voters asked about which candidate they are going to vote for and why before walking into a caucus
Entrance polls
polls taken for the purpose of providing information on an opponent that would lead respondents to vote against that candidate
Push polls
Polls conducted as voters leave selected polling places on Election Day.
Exit polls
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion around
Random sample
A sample that reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is drawn; more than 1,000
Representative sample
a way to measure public opinion by interviewing a large sample of the population
Mass survey
A small group of individuals who are led in discussion by a professional consultant in order to gather opinions on and responses to candidates and issues.
Focus group
the difference between the results of random samples taken at the same time
Sampling error
the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same results on repeated trials
Reliability of data
the quality of the data that is being analyzed
Veracity of data
sets of political values held by individuals regarding the basic goals of government and politics
Political ideologies
range of political views
Political spectrum
A political orientation that favors a more assertive role in the redistribution of economic resources, but emphasizes individual freedom on a range of social issues.
Liberal ideology
An ideology that advocates minimal regulation of the economy and decreased emphasis on income redistribution.
Conservative ideology
Person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies
Moderate
The process by which the public opinion divides and goes to the extremes.
Political polarization
One of the two major U.S political party;founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and state’s rights
Democratic Party
1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories
Republican Party
a market over which government bodies exert a level of oversight and control
Regulation of the marketplace
An ideology that seeks even more limited government in all facets of society than that promoted by conservatives.
Libertarian ideology
the rights individuals or firms have to the exclusive use of their property, including the right to buy or sell it
Property rights
When two countries both benefit from trade and they voluntarily decide to trade with one another.
Voluntary trade
The idea that government can smooth out the ups and downs of the free-market economy by stimulating the economy when private business investment is low and cooling down the economy when excessive investment is creating inflation
Keynesian economic policies
Policies designed to increase real aggregate supply
Ex: Lower marginal tax rates were designed to give people incentives to increase real output by allowing greater after-tax rewards
Supply-side economic policies
Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling the money supply and thus interest rates.
Monetary policy
Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling taxing and spending.
Fiscal policy
an independent agency of the federal government established in 1913 to regulate the nation’s banking and financial industry
Federal Reserve Board
a condition in which no differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on nonnatural conventions exist
Social equality
the idea that each individual should receive the same amount of material goods, regardless of his or her contribution to society
Economic equality
