unit 4 Flashcards
what is a skill?
learned patterns of movement acquired through training
what is ability?
inherited, stable traits that determine the potential to learn a skill
what is the basic/complex continuum?
the level of decision making and cognitive ability needed to perform a skill
basic - little needed
complex- higher level needed
what is the open/closed continuum?
the environmental conditions and factors that effect performance
open- highly effected by environment
closed- little effects from environment
what is the self-paced/ externally paced continuum?
the individual’s or environment’s control over movement
self-paced - individual has control
external - environment has control
what is the gross / fine movement continuum?
the amount of muscle movement and precision required to carry out a skill
gross- large movements, less precise
fine - small movements, more precise
what are performance goals?
personal goals, set on performer’s past achievements or aspirations for the future.
e.g beating a personal best in a long distance race
- does not involve comparisons to others
what are outcome goals?
goals focused on the end result, involves comparisons to other players.
e.g winning a squash tournament
- dependent on failure of others, so can be unpredictable
why are performance goals more appropriate for beginners than outcome goals?
failure to achieve goals can be demotivating. as a result, performance goals are easier to control can be more realistic for a beginner to successfully achieve.
what does the ‘S’ stand for in SMART goals?
SPECIFIC - exactly what needs to be done
‘i will increase how much exercise i do’
what does the ‘M’ stand for in SMART goals?
MEASURABLE - trackable, what success will look like
‘ i will do an average of 60 mins of moderately intense activity a day’
what does the ‘A’ stand for in SMART goals?
ACCEPTED - accepted by all participants and coach
‘ i can see my self completing the goal successfully, and a friend will do it with me’
what does the ‘R’ stand for in SMART goals?
REALISTIC - to know it is practical
‘ i can do it by walking daily and going to the gym twice a week’
what does the ‘T’ stand for in SMART goals?
TIME-BOUND - when it will
be achieved by
‘ i will achieve it by the end of summer’
what is information processing?
the process that a performer goes through when they make and act upon a decision
information processing
what is input?
- data received from the display, both senses and intuition
selective attention is necessary to pick what to focus on
information processing
what is decision making?
- selected data is analysed and an appropriate response is selected
more experienced performers will have relevant information stored in their long term memory from past situations, where as beginners are likely not to have much
information processing
what is output?
- the decision is acted on
the information is sent from the performer’s brain to the working muscles to carry out the response
information processing
what is feedback?
- data received in response to the output and can be received both intrinsically and extrinsically
what is intrinsic feedback?
- data received from within the performer, that is received kinaesthetically by receptors in the muscles
what is extrinsic feedback?
- data received from external sources, such as the coach, spectators or video feedback replays
what is guidance?
giving information to a performance, usually before the performance begins
what is visual guidance?
- presented so the performer can see
live demonstrations, videos, posters
what are the advantages of visual guidance?
- useful for all performance levels
- good for inexperienced
- performer can copy exactly what they have seen
what are the disadvantages of visual guidance?
- must be good quality
- some skills are too complex to demonstrate
- not effective if performer is not paying attention
what is verbal guidance?
the coach describes how to perform a skill
what are the advantages of verbal guidance?
- useful for high performance levels
- highlights key points
- useful for sharing basic information and instructions
what are the disadvantages of verbal guidance?
- information overload
- can be tedious
- not suitable in noisy locations
- complex skills are difficult to explain verbally
what is manual guidance?
involves physically moving the performer into the correct position or supporting them whilst they perform a skill
what are the advantages of manual guidance?
- good for beginners
- performer can develop correct feel and positioning of technique
what are the disadvantages of manual guidance?
- dependency
- movements can feel different if it is being done for you
what is mechanical guidance?
using aids to assist in coaching process, such as floats and harnesses
what are the advantages of mechanical guidance?
- good for dangerous skills
- can develop movement without fear
- good for building confidence
what are the disadvantages of mechanical aids?
- equipment may be expensive or inaccessible
- performer may rely on aid
what are the advantages of positive feedback?
- motivates performer
what are the disadvantages of positive feedback?
- can overemphasise good aspects
what are the advantages of negative feedback?
- prioritises skills that need to be improved
- effective way to guide performer of how skill should be performed
what are the disadvantages of negative feedback?
- demotivating / demoralising
- struggle to respond
what are the advantages of knowledge of results?
- gives quick measure of success
what are the disadvantages of knowledge of results?
- demotivating for other performers when there can only be one winner
what are the advantages of knowledge of performance?
- detailed
- focuses on specifics for experienced performers, and one or two aspects for beginners
what are the disadvantages of knowledge of performance?
- challenging to break down to specifics for experienced performers to utilise
what are the advantages of extrinsic feedback?
- teaches beginners basic skills
what are the disadvantages of extrinsic feedback?
- needs a qualified coach, if not, advice may be misleading
what are the advantages of intrinsic feedback?
- performers can make immediate adjustments
what are the disadvantages of intrinsic feedback?
- requires high level of knowledge to be able to identify exactly what did / didn’t work
- beginners do not have prior knowledge
what is arousal?
physical and mental state of alertness and readiness
lowest arousal point - deep sleep
highest arousal point - intense excitement
what is the inverted ‘U’ theory?
optimal performance occurs when a performer is optimally aroused
gross movement —> high arousal
fine movement —> low arousal
what is stress management used for?
to control arousal levels
what are the qualities of deep breathing for stress management?
- calms erratic and rapid breathing
- increases oxygen supply to brain
- limits arousal caused by nervousness
what are the qualities of mental rehearsal / visualisation / imagery for stress management?
- involves changing how performer thinks in order to change the way they behave
- helps performer relax and focus ( tunnel vision)
- visualises positive outcomes, like standing as the winner on a podium
what are the qualities of positive self talks for stress management?
- ‘reframes’ thoughts
- puts performer in positive state of mind
what are the signs of high arousal levels?
- increased heart rate
- profuse sweating
- inability to concentrate
- reddening of skin
- increased muscle tension
