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IB Bio > Unit 3a > Flashcards

Unit 3a Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks down lipids

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2
Q

Peptidase

A

Breaks down proteins

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3
Q

Amylase

A

Breaks down carbs

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4
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wavelike notion that helps us swallow, even when upside down (circular intestinal muscle)

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5
Q

Pancreas

A

Secretes many digestive enzymes into the first part of the small intestine

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6
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Done by mouth and stomach: breaks down food enough for it to pass into intestine

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7
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

Done by enzymes: needed to further break down nutrients so they are able to be absorbed and transported for use. Each enzyme= substrate specific and is essential to break down its substrate for use. Greatly increases digestion and diffusion rate, speeding up entire process allowing molecules to keep flowing through

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8
Q

Large intestine

A

Mostly absorbs water

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9
Q

Villi

A

Finger-like projections that increase surface area of intestine and are the site of absorption.

Composed of cells whose main job is selectively absorbing molecules found in the lumen of the small intestine

Interior contain capillary bed for nutrient absorption

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10
Q

Artery

A

Blood vessel taking blood AWAY from heart that hasn’t yet reached capillary (relatively thick, smooth, muscle layer used to change diameter of lumen + elastic fibres that help maintain relatively high blood pressure achieved by ventricle contractions

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11
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries + return it to heart (thin-walled, handle low pressure, have one way flaps, usually carry deoxygenated blood)

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12
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Heart has 3 major coronary arteries pumping O2-rich blood into heart

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13
Q

Epithelium cells

A

Make up villi: absorb molecules along digestive tract of small intestine, they are what actually touch the food

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14
Q

Passive membrane transport

A

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

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15
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Direct movement through the cell membrane following the concentration gradient (ex. Small molecules and non-polar fatty acids)

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16
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Movement through membrane following the concentration gradient, but molecule travels through protein channel b/c of size and polarity (ex. Glucose and amino acids)

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17
Q

Active membrane transport

A

Membrane pumps and endocytosis

18
Q

Membrane pumps

A

Molecules moved against concentration gradient by certain proteins using ATP to pump molecule across membrane (ex. Glucose and amino acids under certain circumstances)

19
Q

Endocytosis

A

Molecules are trapped in an invagination (infolding) of membrane and pass through to other side of membrane as a vesicle (ex. some macro molecules that haven’t been fully digested)

20
Q

3 enzymes released by pancreas

A

Lipase, amylase, trypsin

21
Q

Lipase

A 
Substrate= lipids (triglycerides) 
Product= glycerol and fatty acids
22
Q

Amylase

A 
Substrate= Starch
Product= maltose (then glucose)
23
Q

Trypsin

A

(An endopeptidase)

Substrate= proteins 
Product= smaller polypeptides
24
Q

Pathway of breath

A

Mouth/nose➡️ trachea➡️ bronchus/bronchial tubes➡️ bronchioles➡️ alveolus

25
Q

Types of gas exchange

A
  1. Between Capillaries & tissues/cells

2. Between capillaries & alveoli in lungs

26
Q

Gas exchange in tissues/ cells

A
  • O2 diffuses from red blood cells on capillaries into cells

- CO2 diffuses from cell into blood stream

27
Q

Gas exchange in lungs

A
  • circulatory + respiratory systems interface @ alveoli
  • each alveoli is surrounded by a capillary bed
  • capillaries have very thin walls good for diffusion & inside is lined w/ surfactant
    1. Once air reaches alveoli, oxygen passes through thin walls into capillaries and into blood, oxygenating it
    2. CO2 diffuses out of blood into lungs
28
Q

Direction of blood flow

A
  • blood is constantly flowing
  • to ensure proper direction, each ventricle & veins contain a one-way valve that prevents black flow
  • flaps open and close depending on the blood pressure on each side of valve
29
Q

Capillaries

A

Capillary bed= network of capillaries that typically all drain into a single venue

  • when blood enters much of pressure is lost
  • highly permeable= chemical (gas) exchange always occur here
  • blood makes way through “single-cell” thick capillaries 1 cell @ a time
30
Q

Which vessel directly supplies the heart with blood?

A

The coronary artery

31
Q

Outline how coronary thrombosis can be caused (also known as myocardial infarction)

A
  • build up of plaque in coronary arteries causes them to harden and become less flexible
  • this reduces size of lumen
  • reduced size could cause blood to clot, blocking flow to heart
32
Q

What is role of pacemaker/ SN/ SA?

A

To originate excitation in myogenic muscle

SA Node= pressure receptor in right atrium

  • made up of nerve/ muscle tissue that initiates each impulse
  • sends electrical signal to AV to adjust timing of contractions
33
Q

Inspiration

A
  • Diaphragm contracts (moves down)
  • external intercostal + one set of abdominal muscles help raise rib cage
  • increases volume of thoracic cavity, decreasing pressure
  • less pressure in cavity= less pressure pushing on lung tissue= increased volume of lung tissue
  • less pressure on lung tissue= partial vacuum
  • air comes in and fills alveoli to counter the vacuum
34
Q

Expiration

A
  • muscles relax, decreasing volume

- opposite of inspiration

35
Q

Oxygenated or deoxygenated?

  • aorta
  • left ventricle
  • pulmonary artery
A

Aorta= oxygenated
Left ventricle= oxygenated
Pulmonary artery= deoxygenated

36
Q

Arteries: how does structure allow for function

A
  • Thick walls made of muscles= strong enough to pump blood through entire body (aorta) or to lungs (pulmonary artery)
  • Small lumen= high blood pressure (good for transportation
  • Flexible w/ elastic fibres= able to contract freely & transport blood
37
Q

Which chamber of heart has thickest walls?

A

Left ventricle b/c ventricle has thicker walls than atrium & left v leads to aorta which pumps blood all the way through body

38
Q

Which muscles contract to allow air to pass through trachea to lungs?

A

External intercostal and diaphragm

39
Q

Which muscle action= increased volume of thoracic cavity?

A

Diaphragm contracts

40
Q

Which muscles contract to cause air to pass out of lungs through bronchioles?

A

Internal intercostal and abdominal wall

41
Q

Roles of pressure and volume in ventilation?

A
  • P & V= opposites

IB Bio (1 decks)

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