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A2 Chemistry - Unit 5 > Unit 3.5.4 - Transition Metals > Flashcards

Unit 3.5.4 - Transition Metals Flashcards

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1
Q

What catalyst is used in the haber process?

A

Iron

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2
Q

Name three unidentate ligands.

A

Ammonia, chloride ions and water

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3
Q

What formal can be used to find the amount of energy absorbed when electrons jump between states in the d subshell?

A

∆E = hv

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4
Q

What is the shape and bond angle for complex ions with the coordination number of 4?

A

Tetrahedral - 109.5

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5
Q

What is the equation for what is happening in catalytic converters?

A

2CO + 2NO → 2CO₂ + N

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6
Q

Draw what [Cu(Cl)4]2- looks like.

A
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7
Q

What do you have to produce before you can do spectrometry to find the concentration of a complex ion in a solution? And how? And Why?

A

A calibration graph - by measuring absorbances of known concentrations of solution and plotting a graph - so you can measure the absorbance of the sample off the graph to find its concentraion

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8
Q

Why is there two energy levels within the 3d subshell in complex ions?

A

When a ligand bonds to the metal ion some orbitals are give more than others splitting the energy level in two

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9
Q

Draw what Tollen’s reagent looks like.

A
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10
Q

What is the lowest energy level within the 3d subshell called?

A

Ground state

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11
Q

What is meant by coordination number?

A

The number of coordinate bonds that are formed with the central metal ions

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12
Q

What is the intermediate species in between S₂O₈²⁻ and I⁻ ?

A

Fe³⁺

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13
Q

What is the intermediate species in the reaction between MnO₄⁻ and C₂O₄²⁻?

A

Mn³⁺

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14
Q

Name two ways you can maximise the efficiency and minimise the costs of an expensive catalyst.

A

1.) increase their surface area 2.) remove catalyst poisons from the reactants

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15
Q

What colour is [Co(H₂O)₄(OH)₂]?

A

Blue precipitate

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16
Q

What is the general equation for the reaction between an aldehyde and Tollen’s reagent?

A

RCHO + 2[Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ 3OH⁻ → RCOO⁻ + 2Ag + 4NH₃ + 2H₂O

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17
Q

What colour is the Cr²⁺ ion?

A

Blue

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18
Q

What is a complex ion?

A

A metal ion surrounded by co-ordinately bonded ligands

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19
Q

What is a unidentate ligand?

A

Ligands that only form one coordinate bond

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20
Q

What colour is the CrO₄²⁻ ion?

A

Yellow

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21
Q

What is haemoglobin called when it has an oxygen ligand?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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22
Q

Name a biological complex ion.

A

Haemoglobin

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23
Q

What is the vanadium ion with the oxidation state +3?

A

V³⁺

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24
Q

Draw what 1,2-diaminoethane looks like.

A
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25
Q

Why are transition metals far to the right of period 5 and 6 not good catalysts?

A

They absorb reactants too weakly

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26
Q

What is the usual coordination number when metal ions are bonded to smaller ligands?

A

6

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27
Q

What do aldehydes and ketones produced when reacted with Tollen’s reagent?

A

Aldehydes - silver mirror Ketones - no visible change

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28
Q

What can poison the catalyst in the haber process?

A

Sulphur

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29
Q

What catalyst is use during the manufacturing of methanol?

A

Chromium (III) oxide - Cr₂O₃

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30
Q

What happens if you add H⁺ ions to this reaction : Cr₂O₇²⁻ + H₂O ⇋ 2CrO₄²⁻ + 2H⁺ ?

A

The increased concentration of H⁺ ions moves the position of equilibrium to the left producing more Cr₂O₇²⁻ ions

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31
Q

What is catalyst poisoning?

A

Where impurities bind to the catalysts surface and block reactants from being absorbed

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32
Q

What does h and v stand for in: ∆E = hv?

A

v - frequency of light absorbed in Hz h - planck’s constant

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33
Q

Name a multidentate ligand and how many bonds it forms.

A

EDTA⁴⁻ - it forms 6 bonds

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34
Q

When oxidised Co²⁺ to Co³⁺ why is the method of using ammonia used more often?

A

It is easier to oxidised [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺ than [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺

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35
Q

What colour is the Fe³⁺ ion?

A

Yellow

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36
Q

What is the initial equation for what is happening when MnO₄⁻ reacts with C₂O₄²⁻ ?

A

2MnO₄⁻ + 16H⁺ + 5C₂O₄²⁻→ 2Mn²⁺ + 8H₂O + 10CO₂

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37
Q

What colour is the end point of the titration between Fe²⁺ and MnO₄⁻?

A

Purple

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38
Q

What is the equation for the titration off Fe²⁺ against MnO₄⁻?

A

MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5Fe²⁺→ Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O + 5Fe³⁺

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39
Q

What is the overall equation for what methanol is manufacture from carbon monoxide and hydrogen?

A

CO + 2H₂ → CH₃OH

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40
Q

What can you use spectrometry of a solution containing a complex ion to find?

A

The concentration of the solution

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41
Q

Why does a reaction speed up increasing if autocatalysis is taking place?

A

As the reaction progresses the amount of product increases there is more catalyst and so the reaction speeds up over time

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42
Q

How does haemoglobin transport oxygen around the body?

A

In the lungs where oxygen concentration is high its water ligand is substituted for an oxygen ligand In the respiring cells where the oxygen concentration is low its oxygen ligand is substituted for a water ligand

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43
Q

Why are transition metals far to the left of period 5 and 6 not good catalysts?

A

They absorb the reactants too strongly

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44
Q

How do homogeneous catalysts work in two steps?

A

1.) The reactant combines with the catalyst to form an intermediate species 2.) The intermediate species than reacts with the other reactants to form the products and catalyst faster than the original reactants would off

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45
Q

How can you turn Cr₂O₇²⁻ into CrO₄²⁻ ions?

A

Putting it into alkali solution - OH⁻ ions

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46
Q

What are the there steps to change [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺ to [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺?

A

1.) add a small amount of NH₃ to the solution to form [Co(H₂O)₄(OH)₂] 2.) add excess NH₃ to the solution to form [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺ 3.) leave to stand in air so it is oxidised to [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺

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47
Q

What is the colour change in this reaction: 2Cr³⁺ + 10OH⁻ + 3H₂O₂ → 2CrO₄²⁻ + 8H₂O?

A

Green to Yellow

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48
Q

What is the overall reaction for what is happening during the contact process?

A

SO₂ + 1/2O₂ → SO₃

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49
Q

Name a silver complex with the shape linear. And give its common name.

A

[Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ - Tollen’s reagent

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50
Q

Draw what [Fe(H2O)6]2+ looks like.

A
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51
Q

What is cisplatin? And what does it look like?

A

A platinium (II) complex, it has two ammonia ligands and two chloride ligands

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52
Q

What does a haemoglobin complex ion look like?

A

A central Fe²⁺ ions which is hexa-coordinated to four nitrogen atoms, a global molecule and either an oxygen or water molecule

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53
Q

Why doesn’t chromium follow the usual rules for electronic configuration?

A

Chromium prefers to have one electron in each orbital of the 3d subshell and just one in the 4s subshell

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54
Q

Why is cisplatin used as an anticancer drug?

A

It forms coordinate bonds with nitrogen atoms in the DNA, preventing it from unwinding and so replicating, meaning the cancer cells can’t replicate

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55
Q

What is the usual coordination number when metal ions are bonded to larger ligands?

A

4

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56
Q

What are the two types of catalysts?

A

Heterogeneous and homogenous

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57
Q

How do you form Cr³⁺ from Cr₂O₇²⁻ ions?

A

Cr₂O₇²⁻ is reduced by Zn in acidic conditions

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58
Q

Where is the d block in the periodic table? And what type of elements make it up?

A

The middle - Transition metals

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59
Q

Name four processes where heterogeneous catalysts are use.

A

Catalytic converters, contact process, manufacturing of methanol and the haber process

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60
Q

What is the highest energy level within the 3d subshell called?

A

Excited state

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61
Q

What is the vanadium ion with the oxidation state +2?

A

V²⁺

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62
Q

What is autocatalysis?

A

Where the products of the recantation catalyse the reaction

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63
Q

What is a downside to cisplatin?

A

It prevents normal cells like blood and hair cells from replicating

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64
Q

Why do some transition metals have variable oxidation states?

A

The energy levels of 4s and 3d subshells are very close together so different number of electrons can be lost using a fairly similar amount of energy

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65
Q

What is the overall equation for reaction between S₂O₈²⁻ and I⁻ ions?

A

S₂O₈²⁻ + 2I⁻→ I₂ + 2SO₄²⁻

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66
Q

What colour is the Cr³⁺ ion?

A

Violet

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67
Q

What is multidentate ligand?

A

Ligands that form more than two coordinate bonds

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68
Q

Draw what EDTA4- looks like

A
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69
Q

What is the shape and bond angle for complex ions with the coordination number of 2?

A

Linear - 180

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70
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Something that speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up or changed

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71
Q

What is the contact process used to make?

A

Sulphuric acid

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72
Q

Which electrons are removed first when transition metals become positive ions?

A

S and then d

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73
Q

What is the manganese ion with the oxidation state +2?

A

Mn²⁺

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74
Q

What is the colour of the V²⁺ ion?

A

Violet

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75
Q

How do you form Cr²⁺ ions from Cr³⁺ ions?

A

Cr³⁺ is reduced by Zn in acidic conditions

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76
Q

What is the vanadium ion with the oxidation state +4?

A

VO²⁺

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77
Q

What are the two equations in the reaction between S₂O₈²⁻ and I⁻ ions when there is an Fe²⁺ catalyst?

A

1.) S₂O₈²⁻ + 2Fe²⁺ → 2Fe³⁺ + 2SO₄²⁻ 2.) 2Fe³⁺ + 2I⁻ → I₂ + 2Fe²⁺

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78
Q

What two oxidising agents do you have to know about the titration with Fe²⁺?

A

Cr₂O₇²⁻ ions and MnO₄⁻

79
Q

Why isn’t scandium a transition metal?

A

The only ion it forms, Sc³⁺ has an empty d subshell

80
Q

What four factors affect the amount of energy needed to make electrons jump and so the colour of the complexes?

A

Central metal ion, oxidation state, the ligands and the coordination number

81
Q

Do transition metals have similar or different chemical and physical properties?

A

Similar

82
Q

What is the colour change in this reaction: Cr₂O₇²⁻ + 14H⁺ + 3Zn → 3Zn²⁺ + 2Cr³⁺+ 7H₂O?

A

Orange to green

83
Q

How many coordinate bonds do silver complexes tend to make?

A

2

84
Q

Where does the sulphur that poison the iron catalyst in the haber process come from?

A

Hydrogen used in the process comes from methane which contains sulphur impurities

85
Q

Which two transition metals don’t follow the usually rules for electronic configuration?

A

Chromium and copper

86
Q

What is the equation for the oxidation of Co²⁺ to Co³⁺ by hydrogen peroxide in alkaline solution?

A

2Co²⁺ + H₂O₂ + 2H⁺ → 2Co³⁺ + 2H₂O

87
Q

What does the shape of a complex ion depend upon?

A

Its coordination number

88
Q

What three oxidation states can chromium exist as?

A

+2, +3 and +6

89
Q

What colour is the end point of the titration between Fe²⁺ and Cr₂O₇²⁻?

A

Orange

90
Q

What is the equation of the oxidation of Cr³⁺ to CrO₄²⁻ by hydrogen peroxide in alkaline solution?

A

2Cr³⁺ + 10OH⁻ + 3H₂O₂ → 2CrO₄²⁻ + 8H₂O

91
Q

What is Tollen’s reagent used for?

A

To distinguish between aldehydes and ketones

92
Q

What happens if you add OH⁻ ions to this reaction : Cr₂O₇²⁻ + H₂O ⇋ 2CrO₄²⁻ + 2H⁺ ?

A

When OH⁻ ions are added H⁺ ions are removed decreasing their concentraion moving the position of equilbrium to the right producing more CrO₄²⁻ ions

93
Q

What can poison catalytic converters? And where is it from? And Why?

A

Lead from the petrol coats the surface of the lattice

94
Q

What is a bidentate ligand?

A

Ligands that from two coordinate bonds

95
Q

What is the main feature of transition metals that cause their special chemical properties?

A

Incomplete d subshell

96
Q

What colour is the Mn²⁺ ion?

A

Pale pink

97
Q

What is the function of haemoglobin?

A

To transport oxygen around the body

98
Q

What colour is [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺?

A

Straw coloured solution

99
Q

What colour is [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺?

A

Dark brown solution

100
Q

What catalyst is used in the reaction between MnO₄⁻ and C₂O₄²⁻ ions

A

Mn²⁺

101
Q

What is the haber process?

A

Where ammonia is made from nitrogen and hydrogen

102
Q

How do catalysts speed up the rate of reaction?

A

By providing an alternative pathway that requires less activation energy

103
Q

Why does water only form one coordinate bond even though it has two lone pairs of electrons?

A

The lone pairs are so close it is only possible to form one

104
Q

Why does sulphur cause catalyst poisoning in the haber process?

A

It is absorbed onto the iron catalyst forming iron sulphide and stopping the reactants from binding to it

105
Q

What is an example of an autocatalysis reaction?

A

The reaction between manganate (VII) ions (MnO₄⁻) and ethandioate ions (C₂O₄²⁻)

106
Q

How many steps are there in the contact process?

A

Two

107
Q

What is methanol manufactured from?

A

Carbon monoxide and hydrogen

108
Q

What is the equation for the reduction of Cr₂O₇²⁻ into Cr³⁺ by zinc in acidic conditions?

A

Cr₂O₇²⁻ + 14H⁺ + 3Zn → 3Zn²⁺ + 2Cr³⁺+ 7H₂O

109
Q

What is the colour of the VO²⁺ ion?

A

Blue

110
Q

What colour is the Ni²⁺ ion?

A

Green

111
Q

Name two smaller ligands.

A

Water and ammonia

112
Q

What is the equation of the reduction of Cr³⁺ to Cr²⁺ by zinc in acidic conditions?

A

2Cr³⁺ + Zn → Zn²⁺ + 2Cr²⁺

113
Q

What colour is the Co²⁺ ion?

A

Pink

114
Q

Why does catalyst poisoning reduce the rate of reaction?

A

The catalysts have a reduced surface area reaching the rate of reaction

115
Q

What is a homogenous catalyst?

A

One that is the same physical state as the reactants

116
Q

What must ligands have? And why?

A

At least one lone pair of electrons - otherwise it won’t have anything to form a coordinate bond

117
Q

Name two bidentate ligands

A

1,2-diaminoethane and ethandioate ion

118
Q

What five things does carbon monoxide poisoning cause?

A

1.) Starves the organs of oxygen 2.) Head aches 3.) Dizziness 4.) Unconsciousness 5.) Death if untreated

119
Q

Why doesn’t copper follow the usual rules for electronic configuration?

A

Copper prefers to have a full 3d subshell and just one electron in the 4s subshell

120
Q

What is the manganese ion with the oxidation state +7?

A

MnO₄⁻

121
Q

Other than strength of absorption why not absorption of reactants onto the catalyst not always result in a reaction?

A

The reactants might not have been correctly orientated

122
Q

What are the two steps for what is happening in the contact process?

A

1.) V₂O₅ oxidises the SO₂ to SO₃ and is reduced itself to V₂O₄ 2.) Then the V₂O₄ is oxidised back to V₂O₅ by oxygen

123
Q

What is haemoglobin called when it has a carbon monoxide ligand?

A

Carboxyhaemoglobin

124
Q

Why do you have to use an inert atmosphere when reducing Cr³⁺ to Cr²⁺?

A

Cr²⁺ ions are easily oxidised back into Cr²⁺ ions in air

125
Q

Name three physical properties of transition metals.

A

1.) High density 2.) High melting and boiling point 3.) Similar ionic radii

126
Q

Why do are complex ions coloured in three points?

A

1.) electrons require energy to jump between the ground state and the excited state within the 3 subshell 2.) this energy comes from visible light - it absorbs certain frequencies 3.) frequencies not absorbed are reflected and thats the colour you see

127
Q

What is the equation for the reversible reaction that turn Cr₂O₇²⁻ into CrO₄²⁻ ions

A

Cr₂O₇²⁻ + H₂O ⇋ 2CrO₄²⁻ + 2H⁺

128
Q

After the initial reaction between MnO₄⁻ and C₂O₄²⁻ what two reactions begin to happen?

A

1.) 4Mn²⁺ + MnO⁴⁻ + 8H⁺→ 5Mn³⁺ + 4H₂O 2.) 2Mn³⁺ + C₂O₄²⁻ → 2Mn²⁺ + 2CO₂

129
Q

What are four side affects of cisplatin?

A

1.) Hair loss 2.) Suppressed immune system 3.) Increased risk of infection 4.) Damage to the kidneys

130
Q

Why do transition metals make good catalyst?

A

They have variable oxidation states so they can transfer electrons to speed up reactions

131
Q

What catalyst is used in the reaction between S₂O₈²⁻ and I⁻ions

A

Fe²⁺

132
Q

Name two reactions that use homogeneous catalysts

A

1.) The reaction between peroxodisulphate (S₂O₈²⁻) ions and iodide (I⁻) ions 2.) The reaction between manganate (VII) ions (MnO₄⁻) and ethandioate ions (C₂O₄²⁻)

133
Q

What are titrations using transition metals often called?

A

Redox titrations

134
Q

Why is chromium more common with an oxidation state of +3 rather than +2?

A

+2 is a lot less stable

135
Q

What is a heterogeneous catalyst?

A

One that is in a different phase from the reactants

136
Q

Name a complex ion with a coordination number of 4 and the shape square planar.

A

Cisplatin

137
Q

What are the two ways you can form Co³⁺ from Co²⁺ ions?

A

Co²⁺ ions are oxidised by hydrogen peroxide in acidic solution, or they are oxidised in air with ammonical solution

138
Q

Why is the reaction between S₂O₈²⁻ and I⁻ ions?

A

Both ions are negatively charged and so repel each other

139
Q

How do you form CrO₄²⁻ from Cr³⁺ ions?

A

Cr³⁺ are oxidised by hydrogen peroxide in alkaline solution

140
Q

What are the two steps in the reaction between S₂O₈²⁻ and I⁻ ions when there is an Fe²⁺ catalyst?

A

1.) Fe²⁺ reduces the S₂O₈²⁻ to SO₄²⁻ and is oxidised to Fe³⁺ itself 2.) Fe³⁺ oxides the I⁻ to I₂ and is reduced to Fe²⁺ itself

141
Q

What is a coordinate bond?

A

A covalent bond in which both electrons in the shared pair come from the same atom

142
Q

Name two larger ligands.

A

Chloride ions

143
Q

How is Tollen’s reagent prepared?

A

By adding just enough ammonia solution to silver nitrate solution

144
Q

How do you find the oxidation state of a metal ion within a complex ion?

A

Total oxidation state of the complex ion - the sum of the oxidation states of the ligands

145
Q

Is catalyst poisoning a problem for both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts? And why?

A

Only heterogeneous being the reaction during occur on the surface of homogeneous catalyst

146
Q

What is the equation for the titration off Fe²⁺ against Cr₂O₇²⁻?

A

Cr₂O₇²⁻ + 14H⁺ + 6Fe²⁺→ 2Cr³⁺ + 7H₂O + 6Fe³⁺

147
Q

What is a transition metal?

A

A metal that can form on for more stable ions with a partially filled d sub shell

148
Q

What two oxidation states can cobalt exist as?

A

+2 and +3

149
Q

Draw what cisplatin looks like.

A
150
Q

What are two reasons why the rhodium catalyst is placed over a lattice structure in catalytic converters?

A

1.) Maximises surface area increasing the rate of reaction 2.) Minimises costs as only a thin layer is needed

151
Q

What colour is the Cr₂O₇²⁻ ion?

A

Orange

152
Q

What is the shape and bond angle for complex ions with the coordination number of 6?

A

Octahedral - 90

153
Q

What do you start with when trying to form Co³⁺ from Co²⁺ ions?

A

[Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺

154
Q

What are three rules for drawing electronic configuration?

A

1.) electrons fill up the lowest energy subshells first 2.) electrons fill singly before they start sharing a orbital 3.) 4s is usually filled up before 3d, because it has a lower energy level

155
Q

Which two d block metals aren’t transition metals?

A

Zinc and scandium

156
Q

Why is it bad if catalysts absorb the reactants too weakly (two reasons)?

A

1.) The reactants aren’t brought together for long enough 2.) There is no increase in concentration of reactants on the surface

157
Q

What shape and bond angle do some metal complexes form with a coordination number of 4 very rarely form?

A

Square planar - 90

158
Q

What colour is the Cu²⁺ ion?

A

Blue

159
Q

What colour is [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺?

A

Pink solution

160
Q

What is a ligand?

A

An atom, ion or molecule that donates a pair of electrons to a central metal ion

161
Q

Why is it bad when CO is inhaled?

A

Haemoglobin substitute its water ligands for carbon monoxide ligands, carbon monoxide is a strong ligand so can’t be easily exchanged meaning the haemoglobin can no longer transport oxygen

162
Q

What transition metals do you have to know about?

A

Between Tin and Copper

163
Q

What are the three steps in how heterogenous catalyst works?

A

The reactants are absorbed onto the surface, the reaction happens and then the products are reabsorbed

164
Q

Draw what the ethanedioate ion looks like.

A
165
Q

What is the colour change in this reaction: 2Cr³⁺ + Zn → Zn²⁺ + 2Cr²⁺ ?

A

Green to Blue

166
Q

What is the colour of the V³⁺ ion?

A

Green

167
Q

What do the graphs of enthalpy profile of a reaction catalysed by a homogeneous catalyst look like? And why?

A

Two humps for the two reaction that are happening

168
Q

What colour is the MnO₄⁻ ion?

A

Purple

169
Q

Describe what happens during spectrometry to find the concentration of a complex ion in a solution (in four steps)?

A

1.) Light is shone through a filter which only lets the colour of light through that is absorbed by the sample 2.) The light then passes to a colorimeter 3.) The colorimeter shows how much light was absorbed by the sample 4.) More light absorbed the more concentrated

170
Q

What catalyst is used in catalytic converters

A

Rhodium

171
Q

Draw what a hameoglobin looks like.

A
172
Q

What is the colour change that happens in this reaction: Cr₂O₇²⁻ + H₂O → 2CrO₄²⁻ + 2H⁺ ?

A

Orange to yellow

173
Q

What is the colour of the VO₂⁺ ion?

A

Yellow

174
Q

How can you turn CrO₄²⁻ into Cr₂O₇²⁻ ions?

A

Putting it into acidic conditions - H⁺ ions

175
Q

What catalyst is used in the contact process?

A

Vanadium (V) oxide - V₂O₅

176
Q

What colour is the Fe²⁺ ion?

A

Pale green

177
Q

Give two reasons why catalyst poisoning increase costs?

A

1.) Less product being made within a certain time 2.) Money has to be spent on replacing or regenerating

178
Q

Name the name chromium ions with the oxidation state of +6?

A

Cr₂O₇²⁻ and CrO₄²⁻

179
Q

What molecule can disrupt haemoglobin transporting oxygen around the body?

A

Carbon monoxide - CO

180
Q

What is the overall equation for what is happening during the haber process?

A

N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃

181
Q

What is the purpose of catalytic converters?

A

Clean up emissions form cars

182
Q

What is cisplatin used for?

A

Anticancer drug

183
Q

What shape structure does haemoglobin have?

A

Octahedral

184
Q

What molecule do the nitrogen atoms come from which are bonded to haemoglobin?

A

A multidentate ligand called porphyrin

185
Q

Name four chemical properties of transition metals.

A

1.) They can form complex ions 2.) They form coloured ions 3.) They are catalytic active 4.) They have variable oxidation states

186
Q

Why is it bad if catalysts absorb the reactants too strongly?

A

The products aren’t easily deabsorbed

187
Q

Why don’t metals with a full or empty d subshells have colours?

A

The colour comes from them absorbing light and the electrons jumping between states, if the shell was full or empty then there would be no electrons to jump

188
Q

What is the vanadium ion with the oxidation state +5?

A

VO₂⁺

189
Q

What is a support medium?

A

Something a heterogeneous catalyst is out on to maximise surface area and minimise cost

190
Q

What part of haemoglobin is called a haem?

A

The Fe²⁺ central ion and the four nitrogen atoms that form a circle around it

191
Q

Why isn’t zinc a transition metal?

A

The only ion it forms, Zn²⁺ has a full d subshell

192
Q

How many electrons and orbitals are there in s, p and d subshells

A

s - 2 electrons - 1 orbital p - 6 electrons - 3 orbitals d - 10 electrons - 5 orbitals

193
Q

What are the two equations for what is happening in the contact process?

A

1.) V₂O₅ + SO₂ → V₂O₄ + SO₃ 2.) V₂O₄ + 1/2O₂ → V₂O₅

A2 Chemistry - Unit 5 (5 decks)

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