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Exercise Science > Unit 3.5 > Flashcards

Unit 3.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is quantitative analysis?

A

Involves measurements of variables that are thought to optimize or maximize performance

Eg. 3d body movement using High speed cinematography, EMG

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2
Q

What is Qualitative analyses?

A

Involves obtaining information visually or auditory to asses performances

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3
Q

What is Biomechanics?

A

Examines the internal and external forces action on the human body and the effects produced by these forces

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4
Q

Kinematics study of Motion

A

Study of time and space factors of a body in motion

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5
Q

Variables used to describe motion

A

time, displacement, velocity, acceleration

Used to describe angular and linear motion

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6
Q

Types of Motion

A

Linear
General
Angular

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7
Q

Linear Motion

A

All parts of the body move the same distance, same direction, same time
3 types

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8
Q

Three types of Linear Motion

A

Translation: body moves as a unit without individual segment parts of the body moving relative to one another

Rectilinear: Movement follows a straight line

Curvilinear: Movement path is curved

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9
Q

Angular Motion

A

Body moves around a circular path, through the same angle, in the same direction, at the same time
Axis of rotation is point at which movement occurs
ALL JOINT MOVEMENT IS ANGULAR

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10
Q

General Motion

A

Combination of linear and angular motion

Includes athletic and many everyday activities

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11
Q

Cause of Motion

A

Application of an external force

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12
Q

Causes of motion: Force

A

any action, push or pull, which tends to cause an object to change its state of motion by experiencing an acceleration
basis of all movements

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13
Q

Causes of motion: Constant Velocity

A

An object is not accelerating

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14
Q

Causes of motion: Linear motion

A

forces which act through the body’s centre of mass

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15
Q

Causes of motion: Angular motion

A

forces that do not go through the centre of mass

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16
Q

Levers

A

Simple mechanisms that augment the amount of work done by an applied force
3 classes
acting on levers is a resistive force ( R), an applied force (af),

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17
Q

Fulcrum

A

a fixed point ridged that the body that rotate about

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18
Q

3 classes of levers

A

First Class: teeter- totter, ( R) (f) (af) down
Second Class: wheel burrow, (f) ( R) (af) up
Third Class: screen door with spring closing, (f) (af)up ( R)

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19
Q

Mass

A

Measure of how much matter an object has

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20
Q

Inertia

A

reluctance of an object to change its state of motion from rest to moving, to moving faster, or to slowing down back to rest

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21
Q

Moment of Inertia

A

function of the mass of a rotating object and how its mass is distributed about its axis of rotation

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22
Q

Centre of Mass

A

located at the balance point of a body where the mass is concentrated

  • Generally about the belly button
  • females have lower centre of mass then males
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23
Q

Weight vs. Mass

A

Mass

  • measure of inertia
  • measured in kg

Weight

  • measure of force of gravity
  • measured in newtons
  • varies directly with the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity
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24
Q

Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis

Principle #1

A

Stability- Principle #1
- The lower the centre of gravity, the larger the base of support, the closer the line of gravity to the centre of the base of support, and the greater the mass, the more STABILITY increases.

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25
Q

Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis

Principle #2 & #3

A

Maximum Effort

Principle #2:
-The production of maximum force requires the use of all the joints that can be used.

Principle #3:
-The production of maximum velocity requires the use of joints in order – from the largest to the smallest.

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26
Q

Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis

Principle #4 & #5

A

Linear Motion

Principle #4:
-The greater the applied impulse, the greater the increase in velocity.

Principle #5:
-Movement usually occurs in the direction opposite that of the applied force.

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27
Q

Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis

Principle #6 & #7

A

Angular Motion

Principle #6:
-Angular motion is produced by the application of force acting at some distance from an axis (or a torque).

Principle #7:
-Angular momentum is constant when an athlete or object is free in the air.

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28
Q

Newtons First Law: Inertia

A

An object will not change its state of motion unless acted upon by an external force

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29
Q

Newtons Second Law: Acceleration

A

For Linear Movement; the acceleration of a body experiences is proportional to the force causing it, and takes place in the same direction as the force

For Angular Movement; the acceleration of a body is proportional to the movement of force causing it, and takes place in the same direction as the moment of force

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30
Q

Newtons Third Law: Action- Reaction

A

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

Two acting forces are equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction

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31
Q

Sport Psychology

A

Study placed within context of sports

  • how people think, feel, & behave in sport situations
  • mental process that motivates the way athletes behave in training and competition
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32
Q

Personality

A

Pattern of characteristics, thoughts, feelings, & behaviours that distinguish one person from another and persist over time and situations

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33
Q

Mental and Physical Connection

A

Connection between brain activity and body

  • In an athlete performance, cerebral cortex plays a key role
    - nervousness leads to extra stimulus being placed on muscles and the development of nervous tension
  • Controllable through relaxation exercises and techniques
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34
Q

Ideal Performance State

A
  • complete absence of doubt and fear of failure, general lack of inhabitation
  • narrow focus of attention, no distractions
  • sense of effortless and simply “letting it happen”
  • powerful feelings of being in control of performance
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35
Q

Arousal

A

“psyched up”

athlete feels ready to physically and psychologically

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36
Q

Anxiety

A

general sense of uncertainty

muscular tension, “butterflies”

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37
Q

Relaxation

A

mind/ body state with no anxiety

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38
Q

Concentration

A

ability to keep ones focus without being distracted

able to determine what is relevant and irrelevant to performance

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39
Q

Motivation

A
  • direction and intensity of effort
  • direction refers to attrition to certain sports situations
  • intensity refers to amount of physical “mental energy”
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40
Q

Is there a difference in personality characteristics between athletes and non- athletes?

A

Yes, athletes are show or show more; determination, competitive, perseverance, goal setting, confident

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41
Q

What characteristics do athletes need to be successful?

A

driven, competitive, desire, focus, perseverance, time management

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42
Q

How do athletes psych themselves up or calm themselves down before and after competition?

A

rituals, meditation, positive thinking, getting hyped up- encouragement, music

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43
Q

Factors linked to success in sport?

A

motivation, routines, anxiety management, confidence, performance knowledge

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44
Q

Seven Elements of Excellence

A 
Commitment
Belief/ self- confidence 
Full Focus 
Positive Images 
Mental Readiness 
Distraction Control
Constructive Evaluation
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45
Q

Seven Elements of Excellence: Commitment

A

Commitment: commitment to excel, be the best you can be, do what is required to excel, develop mental physical and technical links to excellence, to your goals, persist through obstacles, give everything

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46
Q

Seven Elements of Excellence: Belief/ Self-confidence

A

Belief: in your own potential, meaningfulness of your pursuit, your focus, capacity to achieve your goals, preparation or readiness, in those with whom you work or play

Steps to personal belief:

  1. Someone believing in you
  2. thinking maybe you can
  3. Acting as if you can
  4. Believing you can
  5. Knowing you can
  6. Trusting you will
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47
Q

Seven Elements of Excellence: Full Focus

A

Full Focus: the duration of the performance, on the task at hand, in the moment, in the zone,on the performance, totally connecting to learning, on auto pilot, letting things unfold naturally

48
Q

Seven Elements of Excellence: Positive Images

A

Positive Images: dream big dreams, go after your dreams, follow a desired course of action, pursue specific targets or goals, prepare yourself to act and react in constructive ways, feel the flawless execution of desired performance skills, create positive feelings about yourself and your capacity, remain positive, enhance confidence

49
Q

Seven Elements of Excellence: Mental Readiness

A

Mental readiness: create and take advantage of learning and performance opportunities, develop essential mental and physical and technical skills necessary to excel in your pursuit, plan practice and prepare effectively, perform to capacity, follow a path that brings out the best in you, relax yourself and your focus away from the performance zone

50
Q

Seven Elements of Excellence: Distraction Control

A

Distraction Control: maintain an effective focus, regain an effective focus when distorted before during and after a performance, quickly re-enter “the zone” of high performance, stick with your own game plan, get adequate rest, stay on your own best path for personal excellence

51
Q

Seven Elements of Excellence: Constructive Evaluation

A

Constructive Evaluation: reflect upon what you did well, reflect upon what you can refine or improve, draw out important lessons from each experience/performance, assess the role of your commitment attitude mental readiness and focus in relation to your performance, target areas for improvement, act upon the lessons learned

52
Q

Critical Periods

A
  • sensitive periods
  • child must be exposed to stimuli at this time
  • period is early in child’s life
53
Q

Readiness

A

implies individual is prepared/ read to acquire a behaviour or skill
performance requires; desire, ability, information, acquisition of physical characteristics

54
Q

Stages of Growth and Development

A

Infancy (birth-1 yr)
Childhood (1-11yrs)
Adolescence (14-20 yrs)

55
Q

Infancy

A

birth to 1 yr

period of rapid growth

56
Q

Childhood

A

1-11yrs

consists of early, mid, late childhood

57
Q

Early Childhood

A

1-6 yrs

gradual loss of baby fat (girls

58
Q

Mid Childhood

A

6-10 yrs
slower, more consistent growth
improved coordination and motor function

59
Q

Late Childhood

A

10-16yrs
increase rate of growth
fat deposition just prior to adolescent growth spurt (9-10 girls, 11-12 boys)
individual differences in maturation
development of reproduction system
appearance of secondary sex trait (breats, pubic hair)
Redistribution of body weight (boys- muscle tissue, body fat) (girls- slight body fat)

60
Q

Adolescence

A

14-20 yrs
following puberty
ends with onset of adulthood
obvious difference in physical growth, cease with ends of adolescence
variability of body types (ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph)
external social pressures for “ideal” body type

61
Q

Motor Development

A

Starts at a young age- learning basic skills
Requires sufficient learning time and experiences
Taught by a qualified instructor
Use quality equipment
Follow the right progression

3 stages

62
Q

3 stages of motor development

A

Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous

63
Q

Motor Development: Cognitive Stage

A

Begins when task is first introduced
Verbal, general instructions
Performance: slow, jerky, awkward
Obvious improvements occur quickly

64
Q

Motor Development: Associative Stage

A

Focus on performing & refining skills
Concentrate on smaller details
Performance: controlled, consistent
Become consciously competent

65
Q

Motor Development: Autonomous Stage

A

Attention to strategy
Performance: automatic, very proficient
Improvements are slow
unconsciously competent (don’t think,do)

66
Q

Types of Feedback: Descriptive

A

general feedback
“right or wrong”
does not say how to fix the problem

67
Q

Types of Feedback: Prescriptive

A

precise feedback
corrections on how to improve
generates better results

68
Q

Feedback with Motor Development Sage

A

Cognitive: feedback is vital
Associative: summary feedback
Autonomous: Feedback withdrawal

69
Q

Factors affecting growth and development

A 
hereditary 
nutrition 
-malnutrition= delay growth
-overeating=obesity 
Socioeconomic status 
- income
-education
- time
- availability
70
Q

Factors affecting growth and development: Exercise and Bone Development

A

regular exercise increases bone diameter and density

overuse injuries can cause disruption to bone growth

71
Q

Factors affecting growth and development: Exercise and Body Composition

A

increase in lean moody mass

decrease in fat

72
Q

Factors affecting growth and development: Exercise and Social Development

A

positive interaction= cooperation, leadership, perseverance

pressure by parents and coaches can hinder the development of an active lifestyle and cause stress

73
Q

Factors affecting growth and development: Gender and Body Structure

A

Same (mostly) at birth
childhood similar (girls more fat)
girls hit puberty first
boys taller and leaner

74
Q

Factors affecting growth and development: Social and Psychological factors

A

self-esteem

self concept increased( when having fun and succeeding)

75
Q

Factors affecting growth and development: Social Influences

A

Family, peers

76
Q

Factors affecting growth and development: Why are sports important?

A

improve skills
have fun
be with friends
win

77
Q

Factors affecting growth and development: Why drop out of sport?

A

interpersonal problems (dislike coach or peers)
Lack of money
Pursue other leisure activities
Become more included in other sports

78
Q

History of Canadian Sport: 1600-1850

A

Farmers- little recreational time

Military- cricket, horse racing, fox hunting, snowshoeing, lacrosse

Very few working class participated, NO FREE TIME

79
Q

History of Canadian Sport: 1850-1920

A

working class had more free time
Hockey
-NHL created
- Recreational play

80
Q

History of Canadian Sport: 1920-1960

A

post wars
NHL increase, more spectators, more teams
Money put into sport

81
Q

History of Canadian Sport: 1960-present

A

Sport becomes big business
-clothing, spectators, arena,
teams make money

82
Q

James Naismith

A

Inventor of Basketball

83
Q

Tom Long Boat

A

marathon runner, won boston marathon

84
Q

Bill Crothers

A

800m olympic gold

85
Q

Fergie Jenkins

A

Baseball pitcher

86
Q

Paul Henderson

A

Winning gold in summit series 1972, hockey

87
Q

Rick Hansen

A

“Man in Motion” wheelchair athlete

88
Q

Terry Fox

A

“Marathon of Hope” across Canada for cancer research

89
Q

Silken Laumann

A

Rower

90
Q

Wayne Gretski

A

Hockey

91
Q

Donovan Bailey

A

100m, 4x100m rely, gold olympic

92
Q

Olympic Highlight: Athens, 1896

A

311 male athletes from 13 countries participated in 9 sports at the inaugural games

93
Q

Olympic Highlight: Paris, 1900

A

Poorly organized, 13 sports added, women competed in golf and tennis

94
Q

Olympic Highlight: St. Louis, 1904

A

only 12 countries participated, majority of competitors were American

95
Q

Olympic Highlight: London, 1908

A

Use of all british judges caused animosity among many teams

96
Q

Olympic Highlight: Stockholm, 1912

A

2,490 male athletes and 57 female athletes participated in these successful games

97
Q

Olympic Highlight: Antwerp, 1920

A

Recovery from WW1, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey not included

98
Q

Olympic Highlight: Paris, 1924

A

44 countries and 3,092 competitors were involved

99
Q

Olympic Highlight: Amsterdam, 1928

A

Several women collapsed at the end of 800m dash

100
Q

Olympic Highlight: Los Angeles, 1932

A

First olympic village built, over 100,00 spectators present

101
Q

Olympic Highlight: Berlin, 1936

A

Hitler used these games for propaganda, Jesse Owens won 4 gold medals

102
Q

Olympic Highlight: London, 1948

A

Germany, USSR, Japan did not attend post WW2 games

103
Q

Olympic Highlight: Helsinki, 1952

A

USSR participated after a 40 year absence. known as the “friendly games”

104
Q

Olympic Highlight: Melbourne, 1952

A

Marked by political turmoil, many countries withdrew, equestrian event moved to Sweden

105
Q

Olympic Highlight: Rome, 1960

A

All- white team represented South Africa in keeping with apartheid policy. Cyclist died as a result of using performance- enhancing drugs

106
Q

Olympic Highlight: Tokyo, 1964

A

South Africa banned from Games for apartheid policy. Indonesia and North Korea voluntarily withdrew

107
Q

Olympic Highlight: Mexico City, 1968

A

Drug testing occurred for the first time

Black americans staged a protest against inequality and injustice in the treatment of blacks in the US

108
Q

Olympic Highlight: Munich, 1972

A

Rhodesian team sent home for sending an all white team

109
Q

Olympic Highlight: Montreal, 1976

A

French Canadians upset because Queen Elizabeth II opened the games. Black African countries boycotted the games

110
Q

Olympic Highlight: Moscow, 1980

A

Boycott by Western countries including Canada- spearheaded by US president Jimmy Carter

111
Q

Olympic Highlight: Los Angeles, 1984

A

USSR, Cuba, and most eastern european countries boycotted as “payback” for western countries boycotting the Moscow games.
Romania was the only Warsaw pact country to participate.

112
Q

Olympic Highlight: Seoul, 1998

A

Ben Johnson stripped of gold medal for positive steroid test

113
Q

Olympic Highlight: Barcelona, 1992

A

First USA dream team with Michael Jordan participated and easily won gold in basketball

114
Q

Olympic Highlight: Atlanta, 1996

A

Donovan Bailey set a world record in the mens 100m sprint

115
Q

Olympic Highlight: Sydney, 2000

A

Flawless organization, perfect site for the olympics, arguably the best games ever

116
Q

Olympic Highlight: Athens, 2004

A

1.5 billion dollars spent on extra security following september 11, 2001

117
Q

Olympic Highlight: Beijing, 2008

A

Usain Bolt set three world records and Michael Phelps won 8 gold metals in swimming

Exercise Science (1 decks)

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