Unit 3.5 Flashcards
What is quantitative analysis?
Involves measurements of variables that are thought to optimize or maximize performance
Eg. 3d body movement using High speed cinematography, EMG
What is Qualitative analyses?
Involves obtaining information visually or auditory to asses performances
What is Biomechanics?
Examines the internal and external forces action on the human body and the effects produced by these forces
Kinematics study of Motion
Study of time and space factors of a body in motion
Variables used to describe motion
time, displacement, velocity, acceleration
Used to describe angular and linear motion
Types of Motion
Linear
General
Angular
Linear Motion
All parts of the body move the same distance, same direction, same time
3 types
Three types of Linear Motion
Translation: body moves as a unit without individual segment parts of the body moving relative to one another
Rectilinear: Movement follows a straight line
Curvilinear: Movement path is curved
Angular Motion
Body moves around a circular path, through the same angle, in the same direction, at the same time
Axis of rotation is point at which movement occurs
ALL JOINT MOVEMENT IS ANGULAR
General Motion
Combination of linear and angular motion
Includes athletic and many everyday activities
Cause of Motion
Application of an external force
Causes of motion: Force
any action, push or pull, which tends to cause an object to change its state of motion by experiencing an acceleration
basis of all movements
Causes of motion: Constant Velocity
An object is not accelerating
Causes of motion: Linear motion
forces which act through the body’s centre of mass
Causes of motion: Angular motion
forces that do not go through the centre of mass
Levers
Simple mechanisms that augment the amount of work done by an applied force
3 classes
acting on levers is a resistive force ( R), an applied force (af),
Fulcrum
a fixed point ridged that the body that rotate about
3 classes of levers
First Class: teeter- totter, ( R) (f) (af) down
Second Class: wheel burrow, (f) ( R) (af) up
Third Class: screen door with spring closing, (f) (af)up ( R)
Mass
Measure of how much matter an object has
Inertia
reluctance of an object to change its state of motion from rest to moving, to moving faster, or to slowing down back to rest
Moment of Inertia
function of the mass of a rotating object and how its mass is distributed about its axis of rotation
Centre of Mass
located at the balance point of a body where the mass is concentrated
- Generally about the belly button
- females have lower centre of mass then males
Weight vs. Mass
Mass
- measure of inertia
- measured in kg
Weight
- measure of force of gravity
- measured in newtons
- varies directly with the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity
Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
Principle #1
Stability- Principle #1
- The lower the centre of gravity, the larger the base of support, the closer the line of gravity to the centre of the base of support, and the greater the mass, the more STABILITY increases.
Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
Principle #2 & #3
Maximum Effort
Principle #2:
-The production of maximum force requires the use of all the joints that can be used.
Principle #3:
-The production of maximum velocity requires the use of joints in order – from the largest to the smallest.
Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
Principle #4 & #5
Linear Motion
Principle #4:
-The greater the applied impulse, the greater the increase in velocity.
Principle #5:
-Movement usually occurs in the direction opposite that of the applied force.
Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
Principle #6 & #7
Angular Motion
Principle #6:
-Angular motion is produced by the application of force acting at some distance from an axis (or a torque).
Principle #7:
-Angular momentum is constant when an athlete or object is free in the air.
Newtons First Law: Inertia
An object will not change its state of motion unless acted upon by an external force
Newtons Second Law: Acceleration
For Linear Movement; the acceleration of a body experiences is proportional to the force causing it, and takes place in the same direction as the force
For Angular Movement; the acceleration of a body is proportional to the movement of force causing it, and takes place in the same direction as the moment of force
Newtons Third Law: Action- Reaction
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
Two acting forces are equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction
Sport Psychology
Study placed within context of sports
- how people think, feel, & behave in sport situations
- mental process that motivates the way athletes behave in training and competition
Personality
Pattern of characteristics, thoughts, feelings, & behaviours that distinguish one person from another and persist over time and situations
Mental and Physical Connection
Connection between brain activity and body
- In an athlete performance, cerebral cortex plays a key role
- nervousness leads to extra stimulus being placed on muscles and the development of nervous tension - Controllable through relaxation exercises and techniques
Ideal Performance State
- complete absence of doubt and fear of failure, general lack of inhabitation
- narrow focus of attention, no distractions
- sense of effortless and simply “letting it happen”
- powerful feelings of being in control of performance
Arousal
“psyched up”
athlete feels ready to physically and psychologically
Anxiety
general sense of uncertainty
muscular tension, “butterflies”
Relaxation
mind/ body state with no anxiety
Concentration
ability to keep ones focus without being distracted
able to determine what is relevant and irrelevant to performance
Motivation
- direction and intensity of effort
- direction refers to attrition to certain sports situations
- intensity refers to amount of physical “mental energy”
Is there a difference in personality characteristics between athletes and non- athletes?
Yes, athletes are show or show more; determination, competitive, perseverance, goal setting, confident
What characteristics do athletes need to be successful?
driven, competitive, desire, focus, perseverance, time management
How do athletes psych themselves up or calm themselves down before and after competition?
rituals, meditation, positive thinking, getting hyped up- encouragement, music
Factors linked to success in sport?
motivation, routines, anxiety management, confidence, performance knowledge
Seven Elements of Excellence
Commitment Belief/ self- confidence Full Focus Positive Images Mental Readiness Distraction Control Constructive Evaluation
Seven Elements of Excellence: Commitment
Commitment: commitment to excel, be the best you can be, do what is required to excel, develop mental physical and technical links to excellence, to your goals, persist through obstacles, give everything
Seven Elements of Excellence: Belief/ Self-confidence
Belief: in your own potential, meaningfulness of your pursuit, your focus, capacity to achieve your goals, preparation or readiness, in those with whom you work or play
Steps to personal belief:
- Someone believing in you
- thinking maybe you can
- Acting as if you can
- Believing you can
- Knowing you can
- Trusting you will
Seven Elements of Excellence: Full Focus
Full Focus: the duration of the performance, on the task at hand, in the moment, in the zone,on the performance, totally connecting to learning, on auto pilot, letting things unfold naturally
Seven Elements of Excellence: Positive Images
Positive Images: dream big dreams, go after your dreams, follow a desired course of action, pursue specific targets or goals, prepare yourself to act and react in constructive ways, feel the flawless execution of desired performance skills, create positive feelings about yourself and your capacity, remain positive, enhance confidence
Seven Elements of Excellence: Mental Readiness
Mental readiness: create and take advantage of learning and performance opportunities, develop essential mental and physical and technical skills necessary to excel in your pursuit, plan practice and prepare effectively, perform to capacity, follow a path that brings out the best in you, relax yourself and your focus away from the performance zone
Seven Elements of Excellence: Distraction Control
Distraction Control: maintain an effective focus, regain an effective focus when distorted before during and after a performance, quickly re-enter “the zone” of high performance, stick with your own game plan, get adequate rest, stay on your own best path for personal excellence
Seven Elements of Excellence: Constructive Evaluation
Constructive Evaluation: reflect upon what you did well, reflect upon what you can refine or improve, draw out important lessons from each experience/performance, assess the role of your commitment attitude mental readiness and focus in relation to your performance, target areas for improvement, act upon the lessons learned
Critical Periods
- sensitive periods
- child must be exposed to stimuli at this time
- period is early in child’s life
Readiness
implies individual is prepared/ read to acquire a behaviour or skill
performance requires; desire, ability, information, acquisition of physical characteristics
Stages of Growth and Development
Infancy (birth-1 yr)
Childhood (1-11yrs)
Adolescence (14-20 yrs)
Infancy
birth to 1 yr
period of rapid growth
Childhood
1-11yrs
consists of early, mid, late childhood
Early Childhood
1-6 yrs
gradual loss of baby fat (girls
Mid Childhood
6-10 yrs
slower, more consistent growth
improved coordination and motor function
Late Childhood
10-16yrs
increase rate of growth
fat deposition just prior to adolescent growth spurt (9-10 girls, 11-12 boys)
individual differences in maturation
development of reproduction system
appearance of secondary sex trait (breats, pubic hair)
Redistribution of body weight (boys- muscle tissue, body fat) (girls- slight body fat)
Adolescence
14-20 yrs
following puberty
ends with onset of adulthood
obvious difference in physical growth, cease with ends of adolescence
variability of body types (ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph)
external social pressures for “ideal” body type
Motor Development
Starts at a young age- learning basic skills
Requires sufficient learning time and experiences
Taught by a qualified instructor
Use quality equipment
Follow the right progression
3 stages
3 stages of motor development
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
Motor Development: Cognitive Stage
Begins when task is first introduced
Verbal, general instructions
Performance: slow, jerky, awkward
Obvious improvements occur quickly
Motor Development: Associative Stage
Focus on performing & refining skills
Concentrate on smaller details
Performance: controlled, consistent
Become consciously competent
Motor Development: Autonomous Stage
Attention to strategy
Performance: automatic, very proficient
Improvements are slow
unconsciously competent (don’t think,do)
Types of Feedback: Descriptive
general feedback
“right or wrong”
does not say how to fix the problem
Types of Feedback: Prescriptive
precise feedback
corrections on how to improve
generates better results
Feedback with Motor Development Sage
Cognitive: feedback is vital
Associative: summary feedback
Autonomous: Feedback withdrawal
Factors affecting growth and development
hereditary nutrition -malnutrition= delay growth -overeating=obesity Socioeconomic status - income -education - time - availability
Factors affecting growth and development: Exercise and Bone Development
regular exercise increases bone diameter and density
overuse injuries can cause disruption to bone growth
Factors affecting growth and development: Exercise and Body Composition
increase in lean moody mass
decrease in fat
Factors affecting growth and development: Exercise and Social Development
positive interaction= cooperation, leadership, perseverance
pressure by parents and coaches can hinder the development of an active lifestyle and cause stress
Factors affecting growth and development: Gender and Body Structure
Same (mostly) at birth
childhood similar (girls more fat)
girls hit puberty first
boys taller and leaner
Factors affecting growth and development: Social and Psychological factors
self-esteem
self concept increased( when having fun and succeeding)
Factors affecting growth and development: Social Influences
Family, peers
Factors affecting growth and development: Why are sports important?
improve skills
have fun
be with friends
win
Factors affecting growth and development: Why drop out of sport?
interpersonal problems (dislike coach or peers)
Lack of money
Pursue other leisure activities
Become more included in other sports
History of Canadian Sport: 1600-1850
Farmers- little recreational time
Military- cricket, horse racing, fox hunting, snowshoeing, lacrosse
Very few working class participated, NO FREE TIME
History of Canadian Sport: 1850-1920
working class had more free time
Hockey
-NHL created
- Recreational play
History of Canadian Sport: 1920-1960
post wars
NHL increase, more spectators, more teams
Money put into sport
History of Canadian Sport: 1960-present
Sport becomes big business
-clothing, spectators, arena,
teams make money
James Naismith
Inventor of Basketball
Tom Long Boat
marathon runner, won boston marathon
Bill Crothers
800m olympic gold
Fergie Jenkins
Baseball pitcher
Paul Henderson
Winning gold in summit series 1972, hockey
Rick Hansen
“Man in Motion” wheelchair athlete
Terry Fox
“Marathon of Hope” across Canada for cancer research
Silken Laumann
Rower
Wayne Gretski
Hockey
Donovan Bailey
100m, 4x100m rely, gold olympic
Olympic Highlight: Athens, 1896
311 male athletes from 13 countries participated in 9 sports at the inaugural games
Olympic Highlight: Paris, 1900
Poorly organized, 13 sports added, women competed in golf and tennis
Olympic Highlight: St. Louis, 1904
only 12 countries participated, majority of competitors were American
Olympic Highlight: London, 1908
Use of all british judges caused animosity among many teams
Olympic Highlight: Stockholm, 1912
2,490 male athletes and 57 female athletes participated in these successful games
Olympic Highlight: Antwerp, 1920
Recovery from WW1, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey not included
Olympic Highlight: Paris, 1924
44 countries and 3,092 competitors were involved
Olympic Highlight: Amsterdam, 1928
Several women collapsed at the end of 800m dash
Olympic Highlight: Los Angeles, 1932
First olympic village built, over 100,00 spectators present
Olympic Highlight: Berlin, 1936
Hitler used these games for propaganda, Jesse Owens won 4 gold medals
Olympic Highlight: London, 1948
Germany, USSR, Japan did not attend post WW2 games
Olympic Highlight: Helsinki, 1952
USSR participated after a 40 year absence. known as the “friendly games”
Olympic Highlight: Melbourne, 1952
Marked by political turmoil, many countries withdrew, equestrian event moved to Sweden
Olympic Highlight: Rome, 1960
All- white team represented South Africa in keeping with apartheid policy. Cyclist died as a result of using performance- enhancing drugs
Olympic Highlight: Tokyo, 1964
South Africa banned from Games for apartheid policy. Indonesia and North Korea voluntarily withdrew
Olympic Highlight: Mexico City, 1968
Drug testing occurred for the first time
Black americans staged a protest against inequality and injustice in the treatment of blacks in the US
Olympic Highlight: Munich, 1972
Rhodesian team sent home for sending an all white team
Olympic Highlight: Montreal, 1976
French Canadians upset because Queen Elizabeth II opened the games. Black African countries boycotted the games
Olympic Highlight: Moscow, 1980
Boycott by Western countries including Canada- spearheaded by US president Jimmy Carter
Olympic Highlight: Los Angeles, 1984
USSR, Cuba, and most eastern european countries boycotted as “payback” for western countries boycotting the Moscow games.
Romania was the only Warsaw pact country to participate.
Olympic Highlight: Seoul, 1998
Ben Johnson stripped of gold medal for positive steroid test
Olympic Highlight: Barcelona, 1992
First USA dream team with Michael Jordan participated and easily won gold in basketball
Olympic Highlight: Atlanta, 1996
Donovan Bailey set a world record in the mens 100m sprint
Olympic Highlight: Sydney, 2000
Flawless organization, perfect site for the olympics, arguably the best games ever
Olympic Highlight: Athens, 2004
1.5 billion dollars spent on extra security following september 11, 2001
Olympic Highlight: Beijing, 2008
Usain Bolt set three world records and Michael Phelps won 8 gold metals in swimming
