Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A Chem Finale pt 2. > Unit 3.4 Chemistry of the d-block > Flashcards

Unit 3.4 Chemistry of the d-block Flashcards

1
Q

Define a transition metal

A

Metals that have a partially filled d-orbital (not fully)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When writing the electronic configurations of said transition metals, what can you write down first to save time B)

A

[Ar]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Common occurrence for writing electronic configuration of said transition metals?
(2-way)

A
  • 4s subshells always have a fill
  • Unless it becomes a x”+” counterpart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Thing to know if writing electronic configuration for the “x+ counterpart”?

A

All T.M lose 4s e- first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can you say about the oxidation states of these transition metals?
(meh x2)

A
  • Fuckin varies…
  • from 1+ to +7
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why do transition metals have a range of oxidation states?
(1 + 2-way)

A
  • Due to 3d + 4s subshells
  • Similar energies + changes in ionisation
  • as each successive e- is removed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tell me about oxidation states from Sc to Mn across period?
(2 end to ends)

A
  • More e-
  • More oxidation states available
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tell me about oxidation states from Mn to Zn across period?
(3 end to ends)

A
  • More H+??? (Nuclear energy)
  • More energy to remove e-
  • Less oxidation states
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How come +2 state predominates towards RHS of d-block?
(2-way)

A
  • Easy to lose from 4s orbitals
  • 3d hold on to electrons due to nuclear energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe a transition metal
(2 things)

A
  • Small
  • Can have large +ve charges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Benefit of a transition metal?

A

Many orbitals available for bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define ligand?
(3-way)

A
  • Small molecule
  • w/ lone pair of e- that can
  • form a coordinate bond with a T.M
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Examples of ligands in a T.M?
(Pick and choose out of 4 meh)

A
  • H2O
  • NH3
  • Cl-
  • CN-
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do you call a T.M. ion and a ligand together?

A

a complex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 types of T.M. complexes?

A
  • Octahedral (90° & H2O and NH3 ligands)
  • Tetrahedral (109.5° & Cl- ligands)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 5 octahedral T.M. complexes to our concern?

A
  • Cu2+(aq)
  • Co2+(aq)
  • Fe2+(aq)
  • Fe3+(aq)
  • Cr3+(aq)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cu2+(aq) colour?

A

Blue complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Co2+(aq) colour?

A

Pink complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fe2+(aq) colour?

A

Pale green complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fe3+(aq) colour?

A

Yellow complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cr3+(aq) colour?

A

Dark green complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 2 tetrahedral T.M. complexes to our concern?

A
  • [CuCl4]2-(aq)
  • [CoCl4]2-(aq)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

[CuCl4]2-(aq) colour?

A

Yellow/Green complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

[CoCl4]2-(aq) colour?

A

Blue complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bond angle of the octahedrals?

A

90°

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Bond angle of the tetrahedrals?

A

109.5°

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How come Zn + Sc have no colour AND aren’t actually considered a transition metal?
(1 of each)

A
  • Zn = full e- in d orbital
  • Sc ion = no e- in d orbital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Draw hexaaquacopper(II) ion in 3D (aka [Cu(H2O)6]2+ or Cu2+(aq))

A

The stage is yours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Write rxn of Cu2+(aq) w/ 4NH3(aq)

A

Cu2+ + 4NH3(aq) ⇌ [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq) + 4H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

From what colour does it go of rxn Cu2+(aq) w/ 4NH4(aq)?

A

Blue to Royal blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 2 possible arrangements of NH3 + H2O ligand?

A
  • Axial
  • Equatorial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Draw axial version of NH3 + H2O ligand.
What’s the bond angle?

A
  • Stages’ yours
  • 180°
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Draw equatorial version of NH3 + H2O ligand.
What’s the bond angle?

A
  • Stages’ open
  • 90°
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What causes T.M. complexes to give different colours?
(2-way)

A
  • Electrons absorbing wavelengths of light
  • and are promoted to higher energy levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How many steps are there to explaining elegantly how T.M. give off colour?
(2 part series)

A

5 ultra mega amazing wooper steps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Step 1 of explaining elegantly how T.M. give off colour?

A
  • Ligands form coordinate bond w/ T.M. ion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Step 2 of explaining elegantly how T.M. give off colour?
(3-way)

A
  • e- repulsion
  • between ligands e- + T.M’s e-
  • in d-orbitals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Step 3 of explaining elegantly how T.M. give off colour?
(3-way)

A
  • Increases energy of d-orbital
  • due to spatial arrangement of d-orbitals energies
  • not all raised by the same amount
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Step 4 of explaining elegantly how T.M. give off colour?

A
  • Splits orbitals into different groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Step 5 of explaining elegantly how T.M. give off colour?
(2-way)

A
  • Different ligands give different splitting
  • of orbitals ∴ gives different colours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Explain Cr3+ and its colour then? pt. 1
(“3”-way)
(2nd of the “2 part series”)

A
  • Cr3+ has 3d3
  • T.M coming into contact with ligand = splitting D-ORBITAL
  • … Draw it.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Explain Cr3+ and its colour then? pt 2.
(3-way)
(Still 2nd of the part “2 part series”)

A
  • If ion excited, 1 or more of the e- will be promoted to higher energy orbital
  • Absorbs “red’s λ” of light
  • Reflects dark green light due to colour wheel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Promotion of electrons to higher energy orbitals term is?
+ define it.

A
  • d-d transition
  • Involves energy jump labelled E
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

d-d transition…. what’ll the value of E depend upon?
(3 things)

A
  • Identity of the metal
  • Its oxidation state
  • Nature of the ligands in the octahedral complex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What’s the equation to figuring out the energy then?

A

E = hc/λ
h is planks constant

46
Q

How to turn energy into Jmol-1 (total energy in 1 mole of substance)
(2-way)

A
  • Times by Avagadro’s constant
  • Divide by 1000 for kJ
47
Q

Cu2+ solutions are blue.
Calculate the energy in kJmol-1 if a transition has a wavelength of 450nm?

U got this bro!

A
  1. 450nm = 450x10-9m
  2. E = (6.63x10-34 x 3x108)/450x10-9
    = 4.42x10-19J per molecule
  3. E x NA -> 4.42x10-19 x 6.02x1023
    =266217Jmol-1</sup<
  4. /1000 = 266.21 kJmol-1
    VOILA!
48
Q

Define ligand exchange?
(Unstable)

A
  • Like how compounds can get substituted
  • Equivalent exchange type shi
  • Swaperoo typa move
  • Ye.
49
Q

Write eqn of ligand exchange using hexaaquacopper(II) ions and HCl

A

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl- ⇌ [CuCl4]2- + 6 H2O

50
Q

Ligand exchange using hexaaquacopper(II) ions and HCl… which compound is blue?

A

[Cu(H2O)6]2+
(Hexaaquacopper(II) ions)

51
Q

Ligand exchange using hexaaquacopper(II) ions and HCl… which compound is green?

A

[CuCl4]2+
(Copper Chloride (IV) ion?)

52
Q

Feature of the rxn being reversible for ligand exchange?
+ reason? (2-way)

A
  • More of ligand = produce more of desired colour
  • As mixture of colours due to presence
  • of both complex ions (if ligand not “superior”)
53
Q

What happens if u increased conc. of H2O for ligand exchange?
(“2” way)

A
  • System produces more Cu2+(aq)
  • Or said metal.
54
Q

How come more “Cu2+(aq)” produced if increased conc. of H2O?
(2-way)

A
  • Equilibrium shifts to LHS
  • in favour of reactants
55
Q

Write eqn of ligand exchange using hexaaquacobalt(II) ions and HCl

A

[Co(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl- ⇌ [CoCl4]2+ + 6H2O

56
Q

Ligand exchange using hexaaquacobalt(II) ions and HCl… which compound is pink?

A

[Co(H2O)6]2+
(Hexaaquacobalt(II) ion)

57
Q

Ligand exchange using hexaaquacobalt(II) ions and HCl… which compound is blue?

A

[CoCl4]2+
(Cobalt Chloride (IV) ion?)

58
Q

How to revert to original colour for the ligand exchange?

59
Q

What are another (hexaaqua… except 1) 6 octahedral T.M. complexes to our concern?
(Colour and Formulae)

A
  • [Fe(H2O)6]2+
  • [Fe(H2O)6]3+
  • [Cu(H2O)6]2+
  • [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+
  • [Cr(H2O)6]3+
  • [Co(H2O)6]2+
60
Q

[Fe(H2O)6]2+ colour?

A

A pale green complex

61
Q

[Fe(H2O)6]3+ colour?

A

A yellow complex

62
Q

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ colour?

A

A blue complex

63
Q

[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ colour?

A

A royal blue complex

64
Q

[Cr(H2O)6]3+ colour?

A

A violet complex

65
Q

[Co(H2O)6]2+ colour?

A

A pink complex

66
Q

What are another 2 tetrahedral T.M. complexes to our concern?
(Colour and Formulae)

A
  • [CuCl4]2-
  • [CoCl4]2-
67
Q

[CuCl4]2- colour?

A

A yellow or green complex

68
Q

[CoCl4]2- colour?

A

A blue complex

69
Q

Benefit of T.M. catalysts having a range of oxidation states?
(2 things)

A
  • They can accept + lose e- easily
  • Can catalyse redox rx̂ns
70
Q

Define catalyst?
(3-way)

A
  • Substance that (alters/speeds up)
  • rate of rx̂n with itself
  • being chemically unchanged
71
Q

But what does a catalyst technically do?
(Are u a bum wt)

A

Lowers Ea for rx̂n (by providing alternative route)

72
Q

What are 2 types of catalysts?

A
  • Homogenous
  • Heterogenous
73
Q

Define homogenous catalyst?

A

When catalyst + reactant = same state

74
Q

Define heterogeneous catalyst?

A

When catalyst + reactant = different state

75
Q

How to tell which catalysts’ are the most useful?
(2 things)

A
  • Absorbs moderately
  • Holding molecules of diff state from outside surface
76
Q

Which are the effective catalysts?
(1 + “4” catalysts)

A
  • T.M. in the middle
  • “V”, Fe & Ni (& MnO2)
77
Q

Use of Nickel catalyst?

A

Hydrogenation of Ethene

78
Q

Eqn. of hydrogenation of Ethene?

A

C2H4(g) + H2(g) -> C2H6(g)
(Ni OR Pt cat. O_o)

79
Q

Temperature of hydrogenation of ethene?

80
Q

Use of hydrogenation?
(2-way)

A
  • Change animal/vegetable fats and oils
  • into margarine
81
Q

Use of Fe catayst?

A

Haber process

82
Q

Eqn. of haber process?

A

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)

83
Q

Temp. and pressure of haber process?

A
  • Temp = 450°C
  • Pressure = 200 atms
84
Q

Use of MnO2 catalyst?

A

Decomposition of H2O2 (PEROXIDE)

85
Q

Eqn. of decomposition of H2O2?

A

2H2O2 -> 2H2O + O2

86
Q

Use of Vanadium(V) Oxide catalyst?

A

The Contact process

87
Q

What’s the contact process for + amount of stages?

A

3-stage process to produce sulfuric acid

88
Q

What does stage 1 produce?
(Contact process)

89
Q

Eqn. of stage 1?
(Contact process)

A

S(s) + O2(g) -> SO2(g)

90
Q

What does stage 2 produce?
(Contact process)

91
Q

Eqn. of stage 2?
(Contact process)

A

2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)
(V2O5)

92
Q

In stage 2, which way is exo and which way is endo?
(Contact process)

A
  • Right = exothermic
  • Left = endothermic
93
Q

What does stage 3 produce?
(Contact process)

94
Q

2 eqns. of stage 3?
(Contact process)

A
  1. SO3 + H2SO4 -> H2S2O7 (oleum)
  2. H2O + H2S2O7 -> 2H2SO4
95
Q

Cr3+(aq) + OH- dropwise eqn?

A

Cr3+(aq) + 3OH- -> Cr(OH)3(s)

96
Q

Cr3+(aq) + OH- excess eqn?

A

Cr(OH)3(s) + 3OH- ⇌ [Cr(OH)6]3-(aq)

97
Q

Fe2+(aq) + OH- dropwise eqn?

A

Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) -> Fe(OH)2(s)

98
Q

Fe3+(aq) + OH- dropwise eqn?

A

Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) -> Fe(OH)3(s)

99
Q

Cu2+(aq) + OH- dropwise eqn?

A

Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) -> Cu(OH)2(s)

100
Q

[Co(H2O)6]2+ + OH- dropwise eqn?

A

[Co(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH- ⇌ [Co(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2H2O

101
Q

Cr3+(aq) + OH- dropwise colour?

A

Grey green ppt

102
Q

Cr3+(aq) + OH- excess colour?
(2, things)

A

Ppt dissolves, dark green soln

103
Q

Fe2+(aq) + OH- dropwise colour?

A

Dark green ppt

104
Q

Fe2+(aq) + OH- excess colour?

A

Dark green ppt (no change)

105
Q

Fe3+(aq) + OH- dropwise colour?

A

Orange ppt

106
Q

Fe3+(aq) + OH- excess colour?

A

Red-brown ppt (no change technically)

107
Q

Cu2+(aq) + OH- dropwise colour?

108
Q

Cu2+(aq) + OH- excess colour?

109
Q

[Co(H2O)6]2+ + OH- dropwise colour?

110
Q

[Co(H2O)6]2+ + OH- excess colour?

111
Q

Let’s hella be dilligent hella ye stuff hella

A Chem Finale pt 2. (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions