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AS Biology - Unit 2 > Unit 3.2.4 - Heamoglobin, Beta Glucose and Plant cells > Flashcards

Unit 3.2.4 - Heamoglobin, Beta Glucose and Plant cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What extra organelles do plant cells have that animal cells don’t have?

A

Cell wall, permanent vacuole and chloroplasts

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2
Q

What is the function of the cell wall and what is it made off?

A

To support and strengthen the cell, it is made of cellulose

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3
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Where photosynthesis occurs within a plant

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4
Q

Label a diagram of a plant cell?

A

See flash card 12

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5
Q

Label a diagram of a chloroplast?

A

See flash card 13

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6
Q

Name three adaptations of a palisade cell?

A
  1. ) Lots of chloroplasts to maximise photosynthesis
  2. ) Large vacuole to push the chloroplasts to the edge of the cell so they are nearer the light
  3. ) They are arranged along the top of the lead to again maximise the light they get
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7
Q

Name two adaptations of a root cell?

A
  1. ) Large surface area which increases the rate of absorption
  2. ) Larger vacuole to hold more water
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8
Q

What are haemoglobin ?

A

Oxygen carrying proteins found in red blood cells?

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9
Q

What protein structure are haemoglobin?

A

Quaternary.

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10
Q

Why is haemoglobin a quaternary structure?

A

It contains more than one polypeptide chain.

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11
Q

Describe the structure of a haemoglobin?

A

Four polypeptide chains, with each chain having a haem group

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12
Q

How many oxygen molecules can a haemoglobin carry?

A

4

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13
Q

What is the reversible reaction between haemoglobin and oxygen?

A

Hb + 4O2 revers. HbO8

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14
Q

What forms of oxygen combines with haemoglobin?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin.

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15
Q

What is meant by the term loading?

A

When oxygen molecules combine with haemoglobin in the lungs.

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16
Q

What is meant by the term unloading?

A

When oxygen leaves oxyhaemoglobin near respiring cells.

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17
Q

What is affinity for oxygen?

A

The tendency a molecule has to bind with oxygen.

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18
Q

Name a condition that affects haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen.

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19
Q

In lower or higher partial pressures of oxygen does the haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen increase?

A

Higher.

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20
Q

Describe how oxygen is loaded and unloaded.

A

At a high partial pressure of oxygen, in the lungs, the haemoglobins affinity for oxygen increases and so it loads the oxygen.
At a low partial pressure of oxygen, in the respiring cells, the haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen decreases and so it unloads the oxygen.

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21
Q

What graphs shows the saturation of haemoglobin?

A

Oxygen disassociation curve.

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22
Q

What two things does the oxygen disassociation curve show?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen, saturation of haemoglobin.

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23
Q

Sketch an oxygen disassociation curve.

A

See flash card.

24
Q

Other than partial pressure of oxygen what effects haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?

A

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

25
Q

Does a higher or lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide decrease haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?

A

Higher

26
Q

What is the Bohr shift?

A

When the oxygen disassociation curve moves to the right.

27
Q

How does a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide affect the curve?

A

At a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen decreases, this increases the rate of unloading so for any given partial pressure of oxygen the saturation of haemoglobin is less moving the curve to the right.

28
Q

What is a good thing about the Bohr effect?

A

During exercise your respiring cells will get more oxygen.

29
Q

Do all organisms have the same type of haemoglobin?

A

No they have different.

30
Q

How are organism’s haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen affected if they live in low concentration of oxygen.

A

The haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen so they can load oxygen at low partial pressures.

31
Q

How is the oxygen disassociation curve affected when organisms live in low concentration of oxygen?

A

Their haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen so at any given partial pressure of oxygen the haemoglobin will be more saturated shifting the curve to the left.

32
Q

How are organism’s affinity for oxygen affected if they are very active?

A

Their cells will have a high oxygen demand so their haemoglobin need to unload more readily and so have a lower affinity for oxygen.

33
Q

How is the oxygen disassociation curve affected when organisms are more active?

A

The haemoglobin will have a lower affinity for oxygen so at any given partial pressure of oxygen the haemoglobin will be less saturated shifting the curve to the right.

34
Q

Do smaller mammals tend to have a higher or lower surface area to volume ratio?

A

Higher

35
Q

How does a higher surface area to volume ratio affect Haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?

A

A higher surface area to volume ratio means they lose more heat so they need a faster metabolic rate to keep them warm requiring more oxygen, lower the haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen.

36
Q

How is the oxygen disassociation curve affected by smaller mammals?

A

They have a higher surface area to volume ratio, their affinity for oxygen is lower so at any given partial pressure of oxygen the haemoglobin will be less saturated shifting the curve to the right.

37
Q

Name another type of glucose apart from alpha.

A

Beta

38
Q

Draw the structure of Beta glucose.

A

See flash card

39
Q

Is beta glucose a monosaccharide or a disaccharide?

A

Monosaccharide.

40
Q

What reaction joins together two beta glucoses and what molecule is realised?

A

Condensation, a water molecule.

41
Q

Draw the condensation reaction between two beta glucoses.

A

See flash card.

42
Q

What bond forms between two beta glucoses?

A

Glycosidic bond.

43
Q

What is formed when beta glucoses are joined in a straight chain?

A

Cellulose.

44
Q

Why are cellular chains straight?

A

The bonds between beta glucoses are straight.

45
Q

How are microfibrils formed?

A

When the straight chains of cellulose are joined by hydrogen bonds.

46
Q

Why are cell walls strong?

A

They are made of cellulose which forms strong microfibrils.

47
Q

What is the main energy storage material in plants?

A

Starch.

48
Q

What is excess glucose stored as in plants and why?

A

Stored as starch. Starch is insoluble and so doesn’t affect whether water moves in or out of cells by osmosis.

49
Q

Starch is a mixture of what?

A

Two polysaccharides.

50
Q

Name the two polysaccharides in starch.

A

Amylose and Amylopectin.

51
Q

What is Amylose?

A

Long unbranched chain of alpha glucose.

52
Q

What is Amylopectin?

A

Long branched chain of alpha glucose.

53
Q

Why is Amylose good for storage?

A

It can have a coiled structure so can be compacted into small spaces.

54
Q

Why can the glucose from amylopectin be released more quickly?

A

The branches mean the enzymes can get to the glycosidic bonds holding the molecules together more easily so it can break it down more easily.

55
Q

What is the main storage material in animals?

A

Glycogen.

56
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

Long branched chains of alpha glucose.

57
Q

Does glycogen or amylopectin have more branches?

A

Glycogen

AS Biology - Unit 2 (11 decks)

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