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Developmental psychology > Unit 3.2: Birth > Flashcards

Unit 3.2: Birth Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the perinatal environment?

A

environment surrounding birth
-> influences like medications, delivery practices and social environment

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2
Q

Why is the perinatal environment important?

A

because it can affect the baby’s well-being and future development

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3
Q

When does birth begin?

A

around 266 days (36 weeks/9.5 months)

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4
Q

Which protein released by the placenta triggers the release of hormones that initiate birth?

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

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5
Q

What’s a hormone that initiates birth?

A

oxytocin

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6
Q

What happens during the first stage of pregnancy?

A

Uterus contractions every 8-10mins with contractions lasting ~30s
as labour proceeds: greater frequency and durations
-> end: contractions every 2 mins lasting 2 mins
Uterus forces head of fetus against cervix
ends when cervix is fully dilated (10 cm)

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7
Q

What is transition?

A

the period at the end of the 1st stage of birth
-> contractions with greatest intensity

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8
Q

What happens during the second stage of birth and when does it start?

A

when baby’s head passes through cervix and emerges from vaginal opening
lasts between 30-90 mins
ends when baby completely exited body

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9
Q

What is an episotomy?

A

incision into vaginal opening that is sometimes made to facilitate birth

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10
Q

What happens during the 3rd stage of birth?

A

umbilical cord and placenta expelled from mother
quickest stage (usually only a few mins)

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11
Q

How long does it take for the average baby to be born?

A

first-born: 12h of active labour
second-born: 7h

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12
Q

Which position are most baby’s in at the end of pregnancy?

A

head-down postition

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13
Q

What’s a breech position and what are potential risks?

A

feet or bottom first
umbilical cord may get tangled and squeezed
-> may cause anoxia (oxygen deprivation)
-> may lead to brain damage

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14
Q

How are fetuses in a breech position delivered if possible?

A

cesarean section

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15
Q

What are some factors that may complicate birth?

A

abnormal position of fetus
intraamniotic infection
shoulder dystocia
umbilical cord prolapse
uterine inversion
etc.

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16
Q

Intraamniotic infection

A

infection and inflammation of tissue around fetus

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17
Q

shoulder dystocia

A

shoulder gets stuck at pubic bone

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18
Q

umbilical cord prolapse

A

umbilical cord comes out before the baby

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19
Q

Whats the difference between anoxia and hypoxia?

A

anoxia: oxygen level at 0
hypoxia: oxygen level alarmingly low (2-3 mg)

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20
Q

Why does a newborns skin turn from blue to pink?

A

due to blood reoxygenating after brief deprivation during birth

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21
Q

What happens immediately after birth?

A

baby cleaned and mucus removed from throat
eyes open, muscles in fingers and toes contract and relax
umbilical cord cut (apart from few centimeters)

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22
Q

Why is the baby’s head often misshapen (cone-shape)?

A

due to passage through birth canal

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23
Q

What’s the colostrum?

A

thick, nutrient rich fluid loaded with immune, growth and repair factors

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24
Q

Why are the first 60 minutes after birth known as the golden hour?

A

can maximize bond between mother and child
skin-to-skin contact, breatfeeding, etc.

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25
Q

What’s the optimal weight range for newborns?

A

3-5 kg

26
Q

Why is birth weight a key factor in postnatal survival?

A

may be associated with underdeveloped vital organs

27
Q

What effect does pre-term birth usually have on the child?

A

low birth weight
baby being small-for-gestational age

28
Q

What’s the apgar scale?

A

a rating scale that evaluates 5 vital signs:
colour, heart rate, cry, muscle tone and breathing

29
Q

How does the apgar scale work?

A

evaluation1 and 5 minutes after birth
each vital sign gets score from 0 to 2
Score of >7 healthy, <7 emergency assistance

30
Q

Colour

A

cyanosis due to lack of oxygen in blood
skin turning pink with adequate levels

31
Q

Heart rate

A

> 100 bpm healthy for neonate

32
Q

Reflex irritability/ cry

A

baby responds when oropharynx (throat behind mouth) and nasopharynx (throat behind nasal cavitiy) are suctioned

33
Q

Muscle tone

A

degree to which baby shows active motion of arms, legs and body

34
Q

Respiratory effort/ breathing

A

degree to which baby is breathing and crying

35
Q

Why should the neurological condition of the infant be assessed after birth?

A

to detect injury or abnormal NS development
-> provide interventions
especially important in at-risk babies

36
Q

What are examples of neurological assessments in newborns?

A

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale (NBAS)
Prechtl’s asssessment of General Movements

37
Q

How does the NBAS work?

A

administered during first two days after birth
lasts 30 mins
measures 20 inborn reflexes and 26 behaviours across 4 broad categories

38
Q

What are the behavioural categories of the NBAS?

A

interaction with others
Motor behaviours
Physiological control
Physiological response to stress

39
Q

Why can the NBAS be valuable to parents apart from the neurological assessment it provides?

A

found to improve early parent-child connection
-> parents learn about baby’s abilities and behaviours it finds relaxing

40
Q

How does Prechtl’s Assessment of General Movements work?

A

assesses functionality of NS to detect symptoms of cerebral palsy
infants placed in supine (face up) position and assessed for general movement patters for 1-3 minutes
-> NS impaired: general movements lose complexicity and variability

41
Q

What’s cerebral palsy?

A

brain damage affecting movement abilities

42
Q

What are two abnormal general movement patterns that reliably predict cerebral palsy?

A

persistent pattern of “cramp-synchronised” general movements (rigid, not smooth)
absence of “fidgety” general movements

43
Q

interoceptive orientation

A

orientation towards own bodily sensations
self-centred activity

44
Q

What are states the newborn needs to acquire to survive?

A

breathe immediately
control temperature quickly (takes a few days to establish control)
sleep (16-20h a day, cycles of 3-4 hours of sleep and 20 mins feeding)
-> differentiation between: deep sleep, light sleep, drowsiness, alert activity, alert inactivity and crying

45
Q

Which systems for transmitting information does a newborn use?

A

crying: reflex response to state of discomfort
-> types: basic, anger, pain, attention/frustration
emotions: subjective reactions to experience associated with physiological and behavioural changes
-> protective function

46
Q

Which emotions appear in the first months?

A

basic emotions:
joy
sadness
anger
fear
surprise
disgust
dislike
interest

47
Q

What are inborn reflexes?

A

series of behaviours present from birth
involuntary, automatic responses to stimuli
-> positive effect on caregivers

48
Q

survival reflexes

A

have adaptive value

49
Q

primitive reflexes

A

remnants of evolutionary history
-> normally disappear during first few months of life
-> maturation of cerebral cortex allows them to be over-ridden

50
Q

Is the dissapearance of reflexes a bad sign?

A

no, it can be a sign of healthy development of the NS

51
Q

Breathing reflex

A

repetitive inhalation and exhalation
begins beofre umbilical cord is cut
related:
sneezes (remove irritation in nose)
hiccups

52
Q

sucking reflex

A

sucking objects placed in mouth
facilitates consumption of nutrients
related:
swallowing and spitting up reflex
rooting reflex (turning head to direction of stimulus touching cheek)

53
Q

Palpebral reflex

A

eyeblink reflex
protects eyes from bright lights or foreign objects
related:
puppilary light reflex

54
Q

babinski reflex

A

fanning of toes when bottom of foot is stroked
disappears withing 8-12 months
-> pyramidal tract develops and over-rides reflex to toes moving into opposite direction

55
Q

stepping reflex

A

infants held upright with feet touching flat surface will step as if they walk
disappears during 8 weeks unless it’s practiced

56
Q

Swimming reflex

A

when newborns are held horizontally on stomach, they stretch out arms and legs as if swimming
-> also happens when placed in water with involuntarily holding breath
disappears within 4-6 months

57
Q

palmar/plantar grasp reflex

A

curling finger around objects that touch palm of hands
disappears during 3-4 months
very stong for their weight

58
Q

moro reflex

A

loud noise or sudden change in position of head
-> extend arms outwar, arch back and retract arms to chest
disappears after 4-6 months with exception of startle response

59
Q

Swaddling

A

creating a womb like environment
reduces/ stops moro reflex

60
Q

Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex/ magnus tonic reflex

A

head positioned to one side
-> arm and leg of that side extend, opposite side flex
disappears after 3-6 months

61
Q

Glabellar reflex

A

tapping forehead between eyebrows and nose causes eyeblink
repetitive tapping should result in habituation
persistance in adults may be sign of dementia or Parkinson’s

62
Q

How do neonates receive information?

A

sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste and vestibular sensitivity

Developmental psychology (9 decks)

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