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AS Biology - Unit 1 > Unit 3.1.4 - The Lungs > Flashcards

Unit 3.1.4 - The Lungs Flashcards

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1
Q

Label the main parts of the lungs?

A

See flash card 17

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2
Q

Label the structure of an alveolus?

A

See flash card 18

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3
Q

What does the elastin in the alveolar epithelium allow alveoli to do?

A

Stretch during inhalation to increase the tidal volume of the lungs and then return to their normal shape afterwards

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4
Q

What two layers does oxygen have to diffuse across to get from the alveolar space to the blood?

A

Alveolar epithelium and then the capillary endothelium

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5
Q

What three things increase the rate of diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood?

A
  1. ) The alveoli have a thin exchange surface - alveolar epithelium is only one cell thick
  2. ) There are a large number of alveoli which increases the surface area that diffusion can happen across
  3. ) The blood moving maintains a steep concentration gradient
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6
Q

What two processes does respiration consists of?

A

Inspiration and expiration

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7
Q

What are the six steps of inspiration?

A
  1. ) intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
  2. ) this causes the ribcage to move upwards and outwards
  3. ) this flattens the diaphragm
  4. ) this increases the volume in the thorax
  5. ) this decreases the pressure in the lungs
  6. ) air then moves into the lungs down the pressure gradient
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8
Q

What are the six steps of expiration?

A
  1. ) intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
  2. ) this causes the ribcage to move downwards and inwards
  3. ) this makes the diaphragm become curbed again
  4. ) this decreases the volume in the thorax
  5. ) this increases the pressure in the lungs
  6. ) air then moves out of the lungs down the concentration gradient
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9
Q

Is inspiration or expiration an active process?

A

Inspiration as it requires energy

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10
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

The volume of air taken into the lungs in one minute

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11
Q

What calculation can you do to get pulmonary ventilation?

A

Pulmonary ventilation = tidal volume x ventilation rate

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12
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air in each breath

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13
Q

What is ventilation rate?

A

The number of breaths per minute

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14
Q

What can you use to measure lung volumes and what graph does it produce?

A

Spirometer and it produces a spirometer trace

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15
Q

Label each of the sections on a spirometer trace?

A

See flash card 19

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16
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The volume of air left in the lungs that can’t be breathed out

17
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The volume of air you take in on a deep breath in

18
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

The volume of air in a big breath out

19
Q

What does TB stand for?

A

Pulmonary tuberculosis

20
Q

How is TB transmitted?

A

In droplets in the air spread when people cough or sneeze into the air

21
Q

Describe the course of infection of TB?

A

When the bacteria enters the body it is engulfed by phagocytes and it becomes encases in a tubercle.
The bacteria lies dormant here until the immune system becomes suppressed, at this point the bacteria becomes active and begins to destroy the alveoli

22
Q

What does TB cause in the alveoli?

A

Fibrosis

23
Q

What are five symptoms of TB?

A

Cough, coughing up blood and mucus, chest pains, shortness of breath and fatigue

24
Q

Why do some people with TB not show any symptoms?

A

Cause the bacteria can like dormant in them for years

25
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

Scar tissue of the lungs

26
Q

Name three causes of fibrosis?

A

An infection, disease or exposure to harmful substances like asbestos

27
Q

What two properties of scar tissue reduce gas exchange?

A

It is thicker and less elastic

28
Q

Why is it that scar tissue being less elastic mean reduced gas exchange?

A

The lungs can’t expand as much so can’t hold as much air reducing the tidal volume and the loss of elasticity means it is harder to force air out of the lungs

29
Q

Why is it that scar tissue being thicker means reduced gas exchange

A

Diffusion is slower across a thicker exchange surface (scarred membrane)

30
Q

What are five symptoms of fibrosis?

A

fatigue, shortness of breath, dry cough, increased breathing rate and chest pains

31
Q

What is asthma caused by?

A

An allergic reaction to substances like dust and pollen

32
Q

What happens in an asthma attack and why does this reduce gas exchange?

A

The smooth muscle lining of the bronchioles contracts and a large amount of mucus is produced, this causes the airways to become constricted and inflamed. This means less oxygen enters the alveoli and so less oxygen can diffuse into the blood

33
Q

What are four symptoms of asthma?

A

fatigue, shortness of breath, a tight chest and wheezing

34
Q

What is emphysema caused by?

A

Smoking or long term exposure to air pollution

35
Q

Describe the course of the disease emphysema which leads to the protein elastin being broken down and the alveoli walls being destroyed?

A

Foreign particles become trapped in the alveoli and causes inflammation, this attracts phagocytes to the area. The phagocytes produce an enzyme that breaks down the protein elastin and destroys alveoli walls

36
Q

Why does the alveoli walls being broken down in emphysema cause reduced gas exchange?

A

It reduces the surface area for diffusion to happen across so less oxygen diffuses into your blood reducing gas exchange

37
Q

What are four symptoms of emphysema?

A

shortness of breath, wheezing, increased breathing rate and fatigue

38
Q

Why do most lung diseases cause fatigue?

A

Less oxygen diffuses into the blood, so cells receive less oxygen for respiration, this means reduced respiration and so less energy is produced so you often feel tired

39
Q

Correlation doesn’t mean and why?

A

A casual relationship because there may be other influencing factors

AS Biology - Unit 1 (6 decks)

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