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Radiography > Unit 314 > Flashcards

Unit 314 Flashcards

1
Q

What do the letters IR(ME)R stand for?

A

Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations.

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2
Q

What does IR(ME)R relate to?

A

The safety of patients undergoing an x-ray exposure.

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3
Q

What are local rules?

A

They are a practices written policies and protocols regarding the use of x-ray equipment.

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4
Q

What should be included within local rules?

A
  • The name of the RPS.
  • Names of all who are qualified to make exposures.
  • What to do if the machine malfunctions.
  • The controlled area.
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5
Q

Give 2 reasons why it is important to have a Quality Assurance programme in relation to dental radiographs.

A
  • To keep radiation ALARP by learning from mistakes.

- IR(ME)R regulations have to!

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6
Q

What does ALARP stand for?

A

As low as reasonably possible.

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7
Q

What do the initials RPS stand for?

A

Radiation Protection Supervisor.

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8
Q

What responsibilities does the RPS have?

A

They ensure there are local rules and that all staff are complying with them.

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9
Q

What does the latest ionising radiation guides suggest about lead aprons?

A

They are not needed for any patients.

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10
Q

What are the first actions that should be taken in the event of the X-ray unit not functioning properly?

A
  • Switch off
  • Place sign on not to use
  • Call engineer
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11
Q

What precautions should be taken to ensure radiation is used safely in a dental practice.

A
  • Switch off after use
  • Only qualified to take
  • Only fully trained to process.
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12
Q

State two ways in which the ALARP principle is implemented in the dental practice.

A
  • Having a QA programme.
  • Only qualified to take.
  • fastest film speed.
  • Only when clinically necessary.
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13
Q

What do the initials RPA stand for?

A

Radiation Protection Advisor.

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14
Q

What are the qualifications and responsibilities of an RPA?

A

Qualified radiation physicist who advises the supervisor on dosages and ALARP.

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15
Q

What is meant by ionising radiation?

A

Radiation capable of altering the structure of atoms and cells.

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16
Q

What are the hazards associated with ionising radiation?

A

Deterministic or stochastic somatic or genetic.

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17
Q

List 3 intra oral radiographs.

A
  • Bitewing
  • PA
  • Occlusal
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18
Q

List 3 extra oral radiographs.

A
  • OPG/ OPT/ DPT/ Pan
  • Ceph
  • lateral Oblique
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19
Q

What is a bitewing radiograph used for?

A

Detection of inter-proximal/ secondary caries (perio)

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20
Q

What is a PA radiograph used for?

A

Full length for apical pathology/ endo

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21
Q

What is an occlusal radiograph used for?

A

Ortho to detect impacted anterior teeth.

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22
Q

What are OPG/OPT/DPT/Pan radiographs used for?

A

Ortho - development of permanent teeth/ surg 8’s/ TMJ/ cancer/ generalised perio

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23
Q

What is a Ceph radiograph used for?

A

Ortho treatment planning and diagnosis.

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24
Q

What is a Lateral Oblique radiograph used for?

A

As OPG but no anteriors.

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25
Q

State two things lateral Oblique radiographs would usually be taken to show.

A
  • Development of permanent teeth.
  • TMJ
  • Bitewings for gaggers
  • Salivary glands.
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26
Q

State two disadvantages of using digital radiography over radiographic films.

A
  • Expensive
  • Pixelates when magnified
  • Depends on technology
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27
Q

How many intensifying screens are there in an extra oral cassette?

A

2

28
Q

What are intensifying screens in extra oral cassettes used for?

A

To reduce the amount of radiation needed.

The screens are coated in phosphors that fluoresce (emit light) which affect the film rather than the x-rays.

29
Q

What are the stages of processing and exposed x-ray film?

A

Developer
Wash
Fixer
Wash

30
Q

Describe the developing process of an x-ray

A

Developer at 18oC - 22oC (ideal 20) for given time of 30 secs - 5 mins.

Put lid on to prevent oxidisation.

31
Q

Describe the first wash process of an x-ray.

A

Agitate in water for a few seconds.

32
Q

Describe the fixing process of an X-ray.

A

Put in fixer for double the amount of development time (no need to agitate)

33
Q

Describe the last washing process of an X-ray.

A

Wash under running water for a minimum of 10 mins. (Doubt more than 20)

34
Q

List the layers of an intra-oral X-ray film packet from the collimator through the packet.

A

Outer wrapping 1st and last.

Inside - black paper
Card
Film
Black paper
Lead foil
35
Q

Which type of radiograph would be most appropriate to show he position of an impacted wisdom tooth?

A

OPG

36
Q

What colour and wattage should the safety light for manual processing be?

A

Red - approx 15 watts.

37
Q

A fast film will mean reduced exposure time. Is this statement true or false?

A

True.

38
Q

Give two advantages of manual processing.

A
  • Less expensive.

- the person has full control or timing and chemicals.

39
Q

Give two disadvantages of manual processing.

A
  • Chemical waste and needs dark room.

- Time consuming.

40
Q

State two advantages of using digital radiography over radiographic films.

A
  • uses less radiation
  • can manipulate image
  • instant
  • nurse does not leave the room
41
Q

Which methods of waste disposal would be suitable for spent processing liquids.

A

Non infectious hazardous (special) waste.

42
Q

How should the processing liquids be stored?

A

In a cool, dry cupboard on a low shelf, labelled, sealed and away from radiation.

43
Q

Why is it important to rotate film stock?

A

Because expired films become fogged.

44
Q

State 3 hazards of handling the processing chemicals used in dental radiography.

A
  • developer oxidises.
  • fixer is acidic.
  • irritant.
45
Q

What should you do if you have a chemical spillage of the processing liquids?

A

Follow manufactures instructions to clear. Ventilate area.

46
Q

What is the ideal time and temperature used to develop a radiographic film?

A

20oC

30secs - 5 mins

47
Q

State 4 reasons why a radiography film may appear too dark after processing.

A

Overdeveloped - developer too hot.

Overdeveloped - in developer for too long.

Overexposed - wrong setting on machine.

Overexposed - taken twice or left in radiation before use.

48
Q

How will a radiograph look if it has been damaged by light?

A

Black.

49
Q

How will a radiograph look if it has gone over the development time?

A

Dark.

50
Q

How will the radiograph look if it is under the fixing time.

A

Opaque and image will fade.

51
Q

How will the radiograph look if it has had inadequate washing time?

A

White crystalline deposits over film.

52
Q

How will the radiograph look if it is under-strength of developer?

A

Pale/light image

53
Q

How will the radiograph look if it has handling defects?

A

Scratches/blotches/lines/prints

54
Q

How will the radiograph look if you have used an out of date film?

A

Fogged.

55
Q

Why might a radiograph come out clear?

A

Because they are unexposed films or put through the fixer first.

56
Q

State two stages of a clinical audit of developed radiographs.

A
  • Collate radiographs and grade 1-3

- Summarise into % and ensure mistakes are noted and learned.

57
Q

What can be used to correctly orientate a periapical radiograph for mounting?

A

Pimple towards you and patient anatomy.

58
Q

List two ways a patients radiographs can be correctly identified for storage on their records.

A

Date/ name/ DOB/ Date Taken.

Records contemporaneous and patient charting.

59
Q

What could happen if a radiograph is mounted incorrectly?

A

Wrong treatment may be done.

60
Q

After processing a film the radiograph is given a quality assurance grade of 2. What does that mean?

A

Diagnostically acceptable.

61
Q

State 3 pieces of information that must be recorded to ensure that dental radiographs can be retrieved and identified for each patient, regardless of how it was taken and processed.

A
  • patients full name/ DOB
  • Date radiograph was taken.
  • what radiograph was taken.
62
Q

When would it be necessary to take a Cephlametric Radiograph?

A

Orthodontic treatment planning and diagnosis.

63
Q

List the role of the dental nurse during the taking of a radiograph.

A

Ensure all things are sterile.

Disinfected before and after.

Communication with the patient and ensure the area is clear.

64
Q

There are two major variants of digital image capture devices. Explain each below.

A

Direct CCD/CMOS metallic digital sensor goes straight onto computer.

Indirect latent image on phosphor plate that is scanned (laser) onto computer screen.

65
Q

How do you store radiograph films?

A

Films need to be upright to prevent artefacts on the film.

Radiography (2 decks)

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